It is possible to derive a membrane voltage equation that works both in the steady state and dynamically and takes the electrogenicity of the Na/K pump into consideration. A model for the osmotic stabilization of cells includes this equation. The outcomes highlight how the membrane voltage and the pump work together to reduce internal pressure. [tex]Cl^{-}[/tex] concentration, creating osmotic space for essential molecules that must be kept in the cell's confines.
What are the fundamental problems?Controlling the volume of cells with thin membranes is a basic issue. A cell needs to concentrate the components necessary for its survival, such as DNA, proteins, amino acids, and carbohydrates, within of itself. The plasma membrane is only about as powerful as a soap bubble, in contrast to the pressure that is easily created by the osmolarity differential between within and outside, which can easily approach an atmosphere or more. In plant and bacterial cells, a robust cell wall that encircles the plasma membrane prevents swelling.
Animal cells don't have cell walls and have developed a different method of preventing the tendency to expand. They lessen their internal ionic content to create osmotic space for the compounds that are internally sequestered, lowering the gap in osmolarity between inside and outside to zero.
Over many years it became clear that the osmotic stabilization of a living animal cell was related to active transport [tex]Na^{+}[/tex] from and [tex]K^{+}[/tex] into the cell (2-5). The first mathematical model based on this general idea was the lucid-pump leak model of Tosteson and Hoffman, so named because the [tex]Na^{+}[/tex]/[tex]K^{+}[/tex] pump contracts the tendency of [tex]Na^{+}[/tex] to leak into and [tex]K^{+}[/tex] out of a cell. Their volume control in high- and low-K red blood cells was successfully accounted for by their model, which made the cell's steady state assumption.
This model was expanded into the dynamic case by Tosteson (6) and a subsequent model by Jakobsson. Lev et al. have developed a model that takes into account a variety of ion transport processes, such as ion exchange, but it ignores the role of the Na/K pump in osmotic stability.
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Case #1
Patient History:
A 35 year
emergency
headache
complaining
room
and fatigue.
at
the
of fever,
He started
arrives
old male
experiencing these
two
about
symptoms
weeks ago, just when he returned back to
the United States from Ghana.
about his
The patients complains most
fever. He says that it comes and goes
every couple of days. When he doesn't
have a fever, he has shaking chills.
What's your diagnosis?
PBL Activities: Diseases
The patient does not drink or smoke. He
exercises 3 days a week, but has not
been well enough to exercise since he
began feeling sick.
Sta
the
two
and
urine
a CBC
The doctor orders
test. The CBC indicates the patient's
red blood cell count is low and white
blood cell count is high. The urine test
excreting
the patient is
indicates
hemoglobin in his urine.
Answer:
Attachment to epithelial cells leading to effacement of microvilli (A/E histopathology)
Explanation:
The Biology of Stress & the Science of Hope, reading a few articles ACEs, review an infographic among other readings. For the discussion,
Was this new information to you? (2 sentences)
Own your own words, what is adverse childhood experiences? (2 sentences)
Why is important that you are aware of ACEs in the field of child development? (3 sentences)
How can this information help you in your work with children and families? (3 sentences)
It should be noted that adverse childhood experiences isn't new to me.
Adverse childhood experiences are the emotional abuse faced by children.
It is vital that you are aware of ACEs in the field of child development on order to understand them better.
The information can help you in your work with children and families as it enhances a positive relationship with the children.
What is adverse childhood experiences?Neglect, physical and emotional abuse, and household dysfunction all fall under the category of adverse childhood experiences.
Adulthood substance abuse, mental illness, and chronic health issues are all associated with ACEs. ACEs can be avoided, though. A lower risk of developing diseases like depression, asthma, cancer, and diabetes as an adult is one benefit of preventing ACEs in addition to helping children and people thrive.
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is a farm a good example of nature coexisting in balance? why or why not?
Answer: Farming needs more and more support in society to get further subsidies. This will only be possible when the ecological benefit can be proved. Up to now a method to measure biodiversity and the ecological benefit of farms is missing. In Baden-Württemberg (Germany), farmers and agri-environment experts have worked together to devise schemes to record the ecological richness and benefits of farms, especially in biodiversity and cultural landscape issues. The scheme uses 47 different indicators divided into four sectors, biodiversity-structural richness, biodiversity-species richness, farm management, and field management (farming methods). Farmers can perform the assessment themselves, on average-sized farms in Southwest Germany one working day may be sufficient. After assessing the ecological situation of the farm an evaluation can easily be made in the form of a natural balance scheme. The presented nature balance scheme is based on a 100-point target system revealing the ecological benefits and shortcomings of the farms. The paper presents results after applying the method to 16 farms in different natural environments and especially the case study Gengenbach (10 farms). Four out of 10 farms achieved the target of 100 points and thus it could be stated that they manage sustainable agriculture in the sense of biodiversity and environmentally sound farming. The results are encouraging because they show that the method works well and farmers become aware of the ecological situation of their farms.
Explanation:
What's developed as a result of the electron transport chain?
A. Membrane potential
B. Proton gradient
C. Phospholipid bilayer
D. New cells
hella confused some tell me its B and some say its A
PENN FOSTER !
Answer: C
Explanation:
When you draw a proton, then you just use photoshop and add gradient layer over it.
Answer:
b) Proton gradient
Explanation:
Proton gradient is developed as a result of the electron transport chain.
The electrons are passed to O2 and combines with protons to form water. Hence, option (b) is the correct answer.
Which disease has probably infected Elizabeth's chickens in the following scenario?
Elizabeth has noticed that several of her chickens have stopped laying eggs. Upon further investigation, she sees that white spots have
formed on the exposed skin beneath the wings, and their vocals seem strained.
O mycoplasmosis
O Newcastle disease
O external parasites
O avian pox
Answer: Avian Pox
Explanation:
A drop of water can contain an entire ecosystem.
True
False
+11 points
Answer: yes, an ecosystem can be as small as a drop of water or as large as a forest.
Hope this helps!
Urgently!! I have test tomorrow!! I Need To Know!!
What is the gel-like substance inside the cell membrane?
Answer:
Cytoplasm is the jelly-like substance present between the cell membrane and nucleus and centriole is a cylinder shaped structure present in the cytoplasm.
Answer:
Cytoplasym
Explanation:
explain what dissociation is in biology??
Answer: Being separated or moved apart.
Explanation: Separation of a cell into two separate parts, dissociation.
A symbiotic relationship in which one species is benefited and the other is not benefited or harmed is called_____________ .
Answer:
Commensalism
Explanation:
Commensalism is a relationship in which one organism benefits and the other organism is neither benefited nor harmed. Mutualism is a relationship in which both organisms benefit. Parasitism is a relationship in which one organism benefits and the other organism is harmed. I hope this helped have an amazing day!
Credits:
varsitytutors.com
Anyone who get the answer correctly will be mark as brainliest.
One of the primary advantages of cell culture is the ability to isolate a single type of cell from a multicellular organism. How has this advance changed the study of biology?
Single-type cultures are easier and cheaper to maintain than cultures made of mixed cell types.
Scientists can completely avoid using animal or human test subjects during their experiments.
Cultures with single cell types behave in culture exactly as they would behave in a tissue or organ.
Scientists know that any response during an experiment is associated only with that cell type.
Answer:
Scientist know that any response during an experiment is associated only with that cell type.
Explanation:
Urgently!! I have test tomorrow!! I Need To Know!!
Which organelle is responsible for making proteins (Worksite)?
Answer:
The ribosomes
Explanation:
Answer: ribosomes
Explanation:
ribosomes are the organelles responsible for protein synthesis.
Which of the four labeled bonds in figure one could be broken to remove and replace the cytosine nucleotide without affecting the biological information coded in the dna molecule
1. Population ecologists follow the fate of same-age cohorts to
(A) determine a population's carrying capacity.
(B) determine the birth rate and death rate of each group in a population.
(C) determine if a population is regulated by density-dependent processes.
(D) determine the factors that affect the size of a population.
Population ecologists follow the fate of same-age cohorts to determine the birth rate and death rate of each group in a population. Option B
This is further explained below.
What are ecologists?Generally, Ecologists are concerned with the study of the connections that exist between the environment, plants, and animals.
They investigate the ways in which animals and plants are adapted to a certain ecosystem and then report on how any planned building activities are likely to affect those adaptations.
In conclusion, In order to establish the birth rate and mortality rate of each segment of a population, population ecologists track the outcomes of groups of individuals of the same age. Alternative B
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Succession occurs when environmental factors affecting an ecosystem change
Succession occurs when environmental factors affecting an ecosystem change are True.
Ecological succession is the method by way of which the mix of species and habitats in an area changes over the years. regularly, these groups replace one another till an environment community like a mature woodland is reached, or till a disturbance, like a fireplace, happens. Ecological succession is an essential idea in ecology. Abiotic elements together with soil excellent, water, and weather will determine the species that retain the method of succession.
Mosses and grasses could be capable of growing inside the newly created soil. throughout early succession plant species like grasses that develop and reproduce quickly will take over the panorama. these changes encompass accumulation of organic is counted in a muddle or humic layer, alteration of soil vitamins, and trade-in pH of soil by plants developing there.it's been determined that once herbal disasters arise, inclusive of floods or fires, the damaged surroundings are possibly to get better in a sequence of successional tiers that subsequently result in a stable gadget similar to the original one that occupied the location.
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Answer:True
Explanation:
took the test
Explain why degrees of freedom equals sample size minus one.
Answer:
The degrees of freedom formula for a 1-sample t-test equals N – 1 because you’re estimating one parameter, the mean.
Explanation:
May the carbon cycle be altered after large scale reforestation effort. select all the correct answers
Answer:
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Which of the following statements are true for DNA? Group of answer choices DNA has a triple helix structure. DNA molecules are made up of nucleic acids. DNA contains the genetic code of life. Answers 2 and 3 above are true.
Stages Number of Cells
Interphase 34
Prophase 8
Metaphase 3
Anaphase 2
Telophase 2
Cytokinesis 1
Part 1: Calculate the percentage of the cell cycle spent in each stage. Number of cells in given stage ÷ total number of cells counted × 100 = % of the cell cycle spent in this stage
PLEASE HELPPPPPPP BRAINLIST!
The percentage of the cell cycle spent in each stage of the cell cycle are given below:
interphase stage = 68%prophase stage = 16%metaphase stage = 6%anaphase stage = 4%telophase stage = 4%cytokinesis stage = 2%What is the cell cycle?The cell cycle cell refers to the events that occur in the cell as it grows and divides.
The cell cycle consists of the following events:
InterphaseProphaseMetaphaseAnaphaseTelophaseCytokinesisConsidering the given data; to calculate the percentage of the cell cycle spent in each stage of the cell cycle, the formula below is used:
% of the cell cycle spent in this stage = number of cells in given stage ÷ total number of cells counted × 100Total number of cells = 50
% of the cell cycle spent in interphase stage = 34/50 * 100
% of the cell cycle spent in interphase stage = 68%
% of the cell cycle spent in prophase stage = 8/50 * 100
% of the cell cycle spent in prophase stage = 16%
% of the cell cycle spent in metaphase stage = 3/50 * 100
% of the cell cycle spent in metaphase stage = 6%
% of the cell cycle spent in anaphase stage = 2/50 * 100
% of the cell cycle spent in anaphase stage = 4%
% of the cell cycle spent in telophase stage = 2/50 * 100
% of the cell cycle spent in telophase stage = 4%
% of the cell cycle spent in cytokinesis stage = 1/50 * 100
% of the cell cycle spent in cytokinesis stage = 2%
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Erosion typically wears the Hawaiian volcano Mono Loa down about 20 cm in 5 years. Lava flows build the volcano up about 10 cm every time there is an eruption. Mono Loa erupts about once every 2 years. Is the volcano growing or wearing down?
Answer: The Volcano is growing little by little
Explanation:
it goes down 4cm every year so in 2 years it will have gone down by 8cm then it erupts and goes up by 10cm gaining back to 8cm it lost, plus the extra 2cm.
Felsic rocks melt at a temperature that is….
Answer:
"Felsic minerals have the lowest melting points (600 to 750 °C) and mafic minerals have higher melting points (1000 to 1200 °C). Bowen's Reaction Series can be thought of as an idealized order of crystallization of a cooling magma."
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Who plays a role in preserving the environment?
Anjuli performed an experiment to determine the respiration rate of yeast. She determined this by measuring the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) that was produced. Then, she created the following graph.
She should redraw her graph as a line graph because she was measuring a rate of change and is therefore denoted as option B.
What is Graph?This is referred to as a pictorial representation of data or variable in an organized or definite manner.
A line graph is a type of graph comprises of points which are usually connected by a straight line and it is used to show how different types of variables change over a given period of time. The slope of the line graph provides information about the rate involved.
Anjuli was told to redraw her graph as a line graph because the rate of respiration of yeast is what is to be determined and will provide sufficient information about it which is therefore the reason why option B was chosen as the most appropriate choice.
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The full question is:
Anjuli performed an experiment to determine the respiration rate of yeast. She determined this by measuring the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) that was produced. Then, she created the following graph. Her teacher suggested that she redraw her graph as a line graph. Why should she redraw the graph?
A line graph looks better in a scientific report.She was measuring a rate of change.She had graphed the wrong relationship. Her experiment had many different variables.9. What is meant by semiconservative replication? Sketch this process below.
Explanation:
relating to or being genetic replication in which a double-stranded molecule of nucleic acid separates into two single strands each of which serves as a template for the formation of a complementary strand that together with the template forms a complete molecule.
why do we need to follow lab safety rules
Answer:
If we don't follow lab safety rules, someone could end up seriously hurt or lab equipment could get broken
Answer:
to ensure our safety when dealing with dangerous chemicals
How does the amount of biomass change from the bottom of the pyramid to the top
What are you doing when you make a decision at the margin? reviewing several options of how to use one additional unit of a resource examining two primary options and their trade-offs before making a decision refusing to make a choice taking an all or nothing approach to a problem
You are examining two primary options and their trade-offs before making a decision at the margin.
The margin represents the activity's current level. Consider it as the vantage point from which to make a decision. A decision to do something a little bit more or a little bit less is referred to as a margin choice. Making decisions at the margin can reveal very insightful information. Virtually almost all choices, are made at the margin. Individuals do not make choices about whether they should or should not consume something or not. Rather, they decide whether to consume a little more or a little less of it.
You are examining two primary options and their trade-offs before making a decision at the margin.
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Does anybody know what this answer could be? Please help.
Describe a controlled experiment you could perform to determine whether ants are more attracted to butter or to honey. (100 points will mark BRAINLIEST!!!)
Answer:
Ants could be placed in a container with butter and the same amount of ants in another container with honey. These could be observed to see how many ants in each container are attracted to the substance and how quickly they respond.
or
Put a number of ants on a baking tray with butter at one end and honey at the other. Count how many go to each. Repeat experiment at least 3 times. Which is the most attractive to ants?
Explanation:
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Which equation shows how cells use the energy stored in an energy carrier?
A. ADP + H+ → ATP
B. NADPH →NADP+ + H+
C. NADP+ + P→ ATP
D. ATP → ADP + NADPH
The equation that shows how cells use the energy stored in an energy carrier is as follows: ATP → ADP + NADPH (option D).
How is energy used in the cell?Energy is the capacity to do work and a very important criterion for every metabolic activity that occurs in living cells.
The energy currency in the cells of living organisms is Adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP is a biomolecule that is used as a source of energy in cellular reactions.
Energy is stored in the cell when a phosphate group is added to ADP while the energy is dispensed for use when phosphate group is lost from ATP to become ADP.
This means that the equation that portrays how cells use the energy stored in an energy carrier is as follows: ATP → ADP + NADPH.
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Answer is B.
If someone helps me with this I am giving lots of points + brainiest!
Answer:
The cold water isn't able to dissolve as much sugar as the hot water. Another name for the liquids inside the cups is a 'solution', when this solution can no longer dissolve sugar it becomes a 'saturated solution', this means that sugar starts forming on the bottom of the cup.
The reason the hot water dissolves more is because it has faster moving molecules which are spread further apart than the molecules in the cold water. With bigger gaps between the molecules in the hot water, more sugar molecules can fit in between.