Antigen receptor-encoding genes in a lymphocyte population may be thoroughly characterized by immune repertoire deep sequencing.
By locating antigen receptor sequence patterns connected to clinical characteristics, we anticipated that this technique may offer a fresh approach to illness diagnosis. In this research, we created statistical classifiers of T cell receptor (TCR) repertoires to separate tumor tissue from patient-matched healthy tissue of the same organ. A biophysical and biochemical pattern found in the TCR chains' complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3) served as the foundation for both classifiers. In order to create each classifier, we isolated 4-mers from each TCR CDR3 and represented each 4-mer using bio physicochemical characteristics of its amino acid sequence together with quantification of 4-mer (or receptor) abundance.
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Which 3 organelles/cell parts help process waste in a animal cell?
a____ is a series of ridges that move across a medium
A. particle
B. wave
C. tide
D. current
What is the ultimate destination of the electrons that are extracted from glucose during cellular respiration?.
The ultimate destination of the electrons that are extracted from glucose during cellular respiration is that they are used to form water.
The stage of cellular respiration known as the electron transport chain, or ETC, is made up of protein complexes. It transfers the electron generated by the Kreb's cycle and glycolysis through a redox process (citric acid cycle).
By combining hydrogen and oxygen to generate a water molecule, the ETC first creates a gradient before reducing the molecular oxygen. Cellular respiration results in the release of water and carbon dioxide. The final electron carrier is the water that is thus created.
As a result, the electron in the ETC phase of cellular respiration ends up in a water molecule.
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caffeine increases activity not only in the brain but also in the branch of the nervous system serving the body. this branch is called the nervous system. please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. answer choices central peripheral secondary primary
The appropriate response is peripheral.
What exactly does being nervous mean?Expressing or demonstrating worry, apprehension, or concern I get anxious whenever I have to give a speech.A sudden feeling of dread or panic She detests operating a vehicle.Consisting of, involving, or comprising nerves or nerve cells.What functions does the nervous system perform?Your nervous system uses neurons, which are specialized cells, to send impulses and messages throughout your body. Your muscles, organs, glands, skin, and brain all send and receive electrical signals. The communications allow you to move your limbs and feel things like pain.
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which processes does the central dogma rule out? group of answer choices making rna or dna from protein making protein directly from dna without an rna intermediate making rna from dna a and b b and c
The processes does the central dogma rule out making of RNA from DNA, and making protein from RNA.
Central dogma is theory of molecular biology which states that information in living organism flows in one direction i.e. from DNA to RNA to protein.
The process of flow of information from DNA to RNA is called transcription. In transcription the code of the DNA is transferred to mRNA by enzyme called RNA polymerase . It is done in three steps initiation, elongation and termination.
The process of flow of information from RNA to protein is called translation. It is synthesized with the help of ribosomes and tRNA.
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how can environment subsidies be used to ensure sustainable development in South Africa
The economic system, the socio-political system, and the ecology are embedded within each other and then integrated through the governance system, which binds all the other systems in a valid way, according to the systems approach to sustainability that South Africa has embraced.
These objectives included addressing issues like social justice, water, sanitation, energy, the environment, gender equality, poverty, hunger, and climate change. Ensure that everyone has access to necessities including sustainable energy, water, and sanitation. Encourage the creation of possibilities for development through inclusive education and respectable employment. Encourage innovation and robust infrastructure to build towns and cities that can produce and consume things sustainably. Examples of Environmental Sustainability renewable energy sources include biomass, solar, wind, and hydroelectric power. recycling of minerals and metals like iron and steel. crop revolving.
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pre- and postsynaptic activation of m-channels by a novel opener dampens neuronal firing and transmitter release
Because it blocks subthreshold depolarizations, the M-type K(+) current (M-current), which is encoded by Kv7.2/3 (KCNQ2/3) K(+) channels, is essential for controlling neuronal excitability. By synthesising NH6, a novel N-phenylanthranilic acid derivative, as a Kv7.2/3 channel opener, we were able to characterise the functions of pre- and postsynaptic M-channels.
What is Pre and post synaptic activation ?The action potential, an electrical signal, is turned into a chemical signal at the presynaptic terminal, which is at the end of an axon (neurotransmitter release). Less than 50 nanometers distant, the postsynaptic terminal membrane has specific receptors.
Presynaptic inhibition indirectly controls the activity of PNs by controlling the release probability of the ORN-PN synapses, whereas postsynaptic inhibition directly suppresses PN activity.Learn more about Synapse here:
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A male bird with bright red plumage mates and has offspring, which also have bright red plumage. which characteristic of life is this an example of?
It would be heredity
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black colored scales is dominant over white colored scales in a specific type of snake. a black colored snake (bb) is mated with a purebred, white colored snake (bb). if 8 eggs hatch, how many will likely have white scales?
Th progeny of black colored scale snake having white colored scale is half i.e. 4.
What is Allele?
At a specific genomic region, an allele is one of two or more variations of the DNA sequence (a single base or a segment of nucleotides). For each genomic region with such variation, an individual inherits two alleles, one from each parent. The person is homozygous for the allele if the two alleles are the same.
A dominant allele, which can come from just one parent, causes a dominant phenotype in those who possess one copy of the gene. A person needs two copies of a recessive allele, one from each parent, for it to result in a recessive phenotype. One dominant and one recessive allele for a gene will result in a person with the dominant phenotype.
Hence, The black snake will provide B or b. The white snake will always provide b. So the genotypes would be Bb half the time and bb the other half. Therefore, 50% of their offspring will have the genotype Bb. Since they had 8 eggs, it is likely that half, or 4, will be white.
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transformation and procresses in the water and carbon. help!
vapor, precipitation, impurities, clear water, vapor.
Life on Earth depends on the movement of water and carbon between the atmosphere, oceans, and land. the use of water by humans, flora, and fauna, as well as the significance of water in maintaining life on the earth. The foundation of life on Earth is carbon. The carbon cycle shows how the element carbon naturally moves through the atmosphere in a variety of ways. The photosynthesis, respiration, exchange, sedimentation, extraction, and burning are the six main steps in the carbon cycle. The majority of these work with CO2, which is carbon. Plants employ carbon to create their leaves and stems, which animals ingest and use for cellular development.
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A root cell may continue to absorb minerals even though the concentration of the minerals is greater inside the cell than in the soil. This absorption is accomplished mainly by —.
A root cell may continue to absorb minerals even though the concentration of the minerals is greater inside the cell than in the soil. This absorption is accomplished mainly by active transport.
In the field of science, active transport can be described as a process by which molecules move against the concentration gradient from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration. Such a process of transfer of molecules requires energy.
A root cell has the function to absorb minerals from the soil. It can continue to take up minerals from the soil even when the concentration of minerals is more in the cell rather than in the soil. The process of active transport will allow the root hair cell to draw minerals from the soil in such a circumstance.
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cd103 and cd103 bronchial lymph node dendritic cells are specialized in presenting and cross-presenting innocuous antigen to cd4 and cd8 t cells.
The correct answer is because these cells are largely absent in CCR7(-/-) mice derived from the lung and that CCR7 expression is required for their migration from the lung to the draining lymph node.
Cross-presentation occurs when dendritic cells (DC) capture, process, and present exogenous Ag to CD8(+) T lymphocytes via MHC class I. We show that CD103(+) (CD11c(high)CD11b(low)) and CD103(-) (CD11c(int)CD11b(high)) DC in the lung-draining bronchial lymph node (brLN) have evolved to have opposing functions in presenting innocuous inhaled Ag. Thus, under tolerogenic conditions, CD103(-) DC present innocuous Ag to CD4(+) T cells, whereas CD103(+) DC, which do not express CD8alpha, present Ag exclusively to CD8(+) T cells. Ag-carrying CD103(+) DC are largely absent in the brLN of CCR7-deficient mice but not in plt/plt mice, despite the presence of CD103(+) DC in the lung of CCR7-deficient mice.
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extracellular vesicles carry distinct proteotranscriptomic signatures that are different from their cancer cell of origin
The translation, controlled destruction, mRNA turnover, and transcription of proteins all affect the proteotranscriptomic landscape.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) in circulation carry lipids, proteins, RNA, and DNA from the cell that produced them. As a result, EV-associated proteins and RNA have drawn a lot of attention as liquid-biopsy indicators. However, it is still unclear how the proteo-transcriptomic landscape of EVs compares to that of their cell of origin. The study present evidence that certain proteo-transcriptomes that are enriched by EVs do not linearly correlate with those that originate from those cells. Study demonstrate the enrichment of short RNA (13–200 nucleotides) involved in cell differentiation, development, and Wnt signaling as well as endosomal and extracellular proteins by EVs. RNY3, vtRNA, MIRLET-7, and the corresponding proteins YBX1, IGF2BP2, and SRSF1/2 are carried by EVs.Learn more about the Transcriptome with the help of the given link:
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Imagine that a polypeptide (protein) was supposed to have 8 amino acids, but instead only has 3 amino acids. What is the cause and result?
A. Silent mutation; no impact to the function
B. Nonsense mutation; no impact to the function
C. Missense mutation; impact to the function
D. Nonsense mutation; impact to the function
The reason why there are fewer amino acids in the protein is because there is a nonsense mutation, resulting in an impact on function.
What is a nonsense mutation?Nonsense mutation occurs in DNA when there is a change in the sequence giving a termination codon instead of a specific amino acid codon, thus creating a shorter protein than the original. Being then this protein probably not functional.
This termination codon will be called a premature termination codon or a nonsense codon.
Therefore, we can confirm that the reason why there are fewer amino acids in the protein is because there is a nonsense mutation, resulting in an impact on function.
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This membranous organelle resembles a stack of flattened sacs with bulbous ends and associated vesicles.
The Golgi apparatus is a membranous organelle that resembles a stack of flattened sacs with bulbous ends and associated vesicles.
What is the Golgi apparatus?The Golgi apparatus is an organelle composed of many flattened membranes that serve to process and transport different macromolecules such as lipids in the endomembrane system.
In conclusion, the Golgi apparatus is a membranous organelle that resembles a stack of flattened sacs with bulbous ends and associated vesicles.
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byers dl. studying plant–pollinator interactions in a changing climate: a review of approaches applications in plant sciences. 5: 1700012. pmid 28690933 doi: 10.3732/apps.1700012
Plant–pollinator interactions are potentially at danger due to climate change. Because of the spatial and temporal variation related with the effects of climate trade and the responses of both actors, lookup to examine this interaction requires innovative approaches. This assessment focuses on assessments of plants’ and pollinators’ altered phenology in response to environmental changes, as phenology is one of the key responses. I reviewed research strategies with the goal of presenting the huge variety of available techniques for addressing modifications in these interactions. Approaches ranged from use of historical specimens to multisite experimental neighborhood studies; whilst differing in depth of historic facts and community interactions, all contribute to evaluation of phenology changes. Particularly insightful were those research that directly assessed the environmental modifications throughout spatial and temporal scales and the responses of flowers and pollinators at these scales. Longer-term studies throughout environmental gradients, doubtlessly with reciprocal transplants, allow an evaluation of climate influences at both scales. While modifications in phenology are well studied, the influences of phenology modifications are not.
Phenology is the study of periodic events in biological life cycles and how these are influenced by seasonal and interannual variations in climate, as well as habitat factors (such as elevation).
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what is the present status of international trade in nepal?
We mostly observe using our eyes. Give an example of an observation that cannot be made with the eyes.
Answer:
The taste of a keyboard recently cleaned.
Explanation:
novel ti plasmids in agrobacterium strains isolated from weeping fig and chrysanthemum tumors and their opine-like molecules. mol. plant-microbe interact
An extrachromosomal DNA molecule known as a "tumor-inducing plasmid," or "Ti-plasmid," is frequently identified in the plant pathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens.
In addition to other well-known opianes like nopaline, fig and chrysanthemum plant galls that strains of Agrobacterium naturally generated contained three tumor-specific opinelike compounds. Deoxy-fructosyl-glutamine (dfg), deoxy-fructosyl-5-oxo-proline (dfop), and chrysopine were the compounds that were identified. Based on hybridization with several vir and T-DNA probes, it was determined that the strains recovered from Fig tree and chrysanthemum tumors carried unique and unrelated Ti plasmids. They also showed various opine-catabolic characteristics. Chrysopine was metabolized by the strains isolated from fig trees and chrysanthemum plants (Chry strains), but only the Chry strains utilised dfg and dfop. Surprisingly, other Agrobacterium strains catabolized these two molecules: dfg was broken down by the majority of pathogenic and nonpathogenic Agrobacterium strains, and dfop by every Agrobacterium strain that breaks down agropinic acid. These findings support earlier hypotheses regarding the development of opine-related functions and have strong ecological and evolutionary implications.Learn more about the Ti plasmid with the help of the given link:
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what were the historical reasons for the resistance to recognizing airborne transmission during the covid-19 pandemic?
Up until a 1962 demonstration of tuberculosis airborne transmission, airborne transmission of all major respiratory diseases was assumed to be of insignificant or moderate consequence over the following fifty years.
Before COVID-19, only a small number of diseases—those that were blatantly spread to people not in the same room—were generally acknowledged as airborne. This is because the contact/droplet paradigm remained popular.
What does the term "airborne transmission" mean?The term "airborne transmission" refers to the propagation of droplet nuclei (aerosols) that retain their infectious properties after being suspended in air for a lengthy period of time and over great distances.Bacteria or viruses that cause airborne infections are most frequently spread by tiny respiratory droplets. When a person with the airborne sickness sneezes, coughs, laughs, or exhales in any other way, these droplets are released.
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Which geologic feature is most likely to form from continent-continent convergence? O undersea mountains O seafloor spreading O earthquakes O mid-ocean ridges
Earthquakes geologic feature is most likely to form from continent-continent convergence.
Geologic traits are answerable for soil formation, landscape form and erodibility. these characteristics of primary geology influences plant boom and animal habitat, distribution, and migration patterns. Geologic issues are often key to aid making plans and management on a watershed scale.
The geologic procedures, consisting of volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, erosion, and deposition are what create or trade geological capabilities. Volcanoes are created by internal forces within the Earth that reason heated, melted rock (magma) to upward push to the floor.
Geographic capabilities, or geographical formations, are components of a planet that can be referred to as places, websites, regions, or areas (and consequently can also display up on maps). There are natural geographic features, summary geographic capabilities, and on earth there also are artificial geographic functions.
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Students are using beads of different colors to represent the molecules in food. The beads can be connected in chains in different arrangements to represent different kinds of molecules.What is the best way for the students to use the beads to represent the processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration that allow plants and animals to get the energy they need?
Answer:
Combine the beads in chains, take them apart, and then put htem togehter in new chains
Explanation:
Excerise science definition
Answer:
Exercise Science is a discipline that studies movement and the associated functional responses and adaptations. The goal of exercise science is to facilitate an understanding of the links between fitness, exercise, diet and health. Ultimately, the discipline provides a scientific approach to study how exercise and the human body interact in order to understand the physiology of exercise as well as its benefits and results.
Exercise Science encompasses a wide variety of disciplines and the study of these disciplines is integrated into the academic preparation of exercise science professionals. Disciplines include areas such as: biomechanics, sports nutrition, sport & exercise psychology, motor control/development, and exercise physiology. In addition, the coursework includes evaluating health behaviors and risk factors, conducting fitness assessments, writing appropriate exercise prescriptions, and promotion of positive health habits and lifestyle behaviors.
Exercise Science professionals are a part of a multidisciplinary team whose work ranges from helping people recover from the unhealthy effects of a sedentary lifestyle to assisting athletes to perform at their maximum capability.
You will find exercise science professionals in a variety of disciplines such as:
College Sport Teams
Human and Athletic Performance Centers
Fitness and Wellness Centers
Hospital Fitness and Rehabilitation Centers
University / Industry Research laboratories
Weight Control Programs
Answer:
Exercise Science is a discipline that studies movement and the associated functional responses and adaptations. The goal of exercise science is to find and improve links between fitness, exercise, diet and health of people. Ultimately, the discipline provides a scientific approach to study how exercise and the human body interact in order to understand the physiology of exercise as well as its benefits and results.
Explanation:
the discovery that antibiotics like penicillin and oxytetracycline boost chicken weight gain by at least 10 percent led the department of agriculture to permit the use of antibiotics as additives
"The discovery that antibiotics like penicillin and oxytetracycline boost chicken weight gain by at least 10 percent led the department of agriculture to permit the use of antibiotics as additives", is a quote from a research paper named Agriculture and food animals as a source of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria.
What is the abstract of the research paper about?The discovery of antibiotics is without a doubt one of the greatest medical advances ever. Their application in veterinary care and animal husbandry has produced farm animals that are healthier and more productive, ensuring the welfare and health of both animals and people. Unfortunately, the resistance countdown began to run as soon as penicillin was used. Antibiotic resistance is currently the main public health issue as diseases brought on by bacteria resistant to antibiotics are on the rise. Farm animal antibiotic use has come under fire for being a factor in the establishment of resistance. Antibiotic consumption and resistance among bacteria in the animal habitat have increased as a result of the use and abuse of antibiotics in farm animal settings as growth boosters or as general illness prevention and treatment methods.
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what types of networks allowed for the exchange of goods and ideas between our early foraging ancestors?
All of an organism's foraging behavior consists of how it gathers and makes use of food sources for energy and nutrients. In the context of the greater community, this involves the location and use of resources as well as their retrieval and storage.
What networks our ancestors used for foraging?Our earliest foraging ancestors used a variety of networks to communicate and trade commodities and ideas, such as:
1. Village networks, which link nearby communities and migratory groups.
2. A metropolitan network linked cities to the rural areas and nearby villages.
3. Long-distance networks brought people who lived 100 miles apart together.
4. Networks that are interconnected by roads, waterways, and trails.
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kinesin i and cytoplasmic dynein orchestrate glucose-stimulated insulin-containing vesicle movements in clonal min6 β-cells.
In clonal MIN6 -cells, kinesin I and cytoplasmic dynein coordinate the migration of insulin-containing vesicles in response to glucose.
For prolonged insulin production, large dense-core vesicles (LDCVs) must be mobilized by glucose and transported to the plasma membrane. The cytoskeletal components and molecular drivers involved in vesicle trafficking in -cells are still not well understood. Here, we discuss the simultaneous imaging of LDCVs and microtubules in -cells that have been tagged with an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). Vesicles travel along the tangled network of microtubules, which characterize intricate directional movements. Even though LDCVs frequently changed direction, suggesting the involvement of both plus- and minus-end directed motors, inactivating the minus-end motor, cytoplasmic dynein, only partially inhibited all vesicle movements that were involved in vesicle recovery after glucose-stimulated exocytosis. The plus-end motor, kinesin I, was selectively silenced by short interfering RNAs, which significantly reduced all vesicle motions. We determine that Kinesin I is primarily responsible for LDCV transport in -cells, while dynein is likely involved in the recovery of vesicles following rapid kiss-and-run exocytosis.
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7. one molecule of dietary glucose can be oxidized through glycolysis and the citric acid cycle to generate a maximum of 32 molecules of atp. calculate the fraction of this energy that is lost when the glucose is stored as glycogen before it is catabolized.
6.25% of the energy contained in glucose is lost during the storage process. Glycolysis produces the molecules that are processed by the citric acid cycle.
Each dietary glucose molecule produces 32 molecules of ATP when it enters the glycolysis and oxidation pathways directly. A net 2 ATP are produced during glycolysis for every gram of glucose. Per glucose, the citric acid cycle generates an extra 2 ATP. 28 ATP are produced by oxidative phosphorylation using the byproducts of glucose catabolism. 32 ATP molecules are created in this way. A cell could potentially store dietary glucose for later use, in the form of glycogen. One ATP must be used in this process in order to create glucose-1-phosphate (G1P). After then, G1P and UTP (uridine triphosphate) combine to form uridine-diphospho-glucose (UDP-glucose or UDPG). The UTP substrate, which is used in this phase, indirectly consumes ATP. Glycogen synthase can then utilise UDPG directly in the production of glycogen. This implies that each additional molecule added to a glycogen polymer uses up two ATP molecules.If two ATP molecules are used up during the storage of glucose as glycogen, then 2/32 or 6.25% of the energy contained in glucose is lost during the storage process.Learn more about the Glycolysis with the help of the given link:
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What are the two main types of allies ?
Answer: Here is seven types.
Sponsor.
Champion.
Advocate.
Amplifier.
Scholar.
Upstander.
Confidant.
Explanation:
explain why fresh water protozoa like amoeba do not burst when placed in distilled water
Answer: I hope this helps you
Explanation: https://ay.live/jPM5h
I need help asap, thx
Answer: A base
Explanation: