Answer:
The number of pathogens that are required to infect a host, termed infective dose, varies dramatically across pathogen species. It has recently been predicted that infective dose will depend upon the mode of action of the molecules that pathogens use to facilitate their infection. Specifically, pathogens which use locally acting molecules will require a lower infective dose than pathogens that use distantly acting molecules. Furthermore, it has also been predicted that pathogens with distantly acting immune modulators may be more virulent because they have a large number of cells in the inoculums, which will cause more harm to host cells. We formally test these predictions for the first time using data on 43 different human pathogens from a range of taxonomic groups with diverse life-histories. We found that pathogens using local action do have lower infective doses, but are not less virulent than those using distant action. Instead, we found that virulence was negatively correlated with infective dose, and higher in pathogens infecting wounded skin, compared with those ingested or inhaled. More generally, our results show that broad-scale comparative analyses can explain variation in parasite traits such as infective dose and virulence, whilst highlighting the importance of mechanistic details.
Explanation:
:)
What would be the next step in this experiment? A. ask questions and construct a hypothesis B. make observations and draw a conclusion C. construct a hypothesis and record data D. analyze the results and make a conclusion
Answer:
The next step is Prove or disprove the hypothesis on the basis of conclusions
Explanation:
The right step to follow the experiment is :
first step: Ask questions and make hypothesis
second step: Make a observations and draw conclusions
third step: Construct a hypothesis and record a data
fourth step: Analyze the results and make a conclusion
Fifth step : Prove or disprove the hypothesis on the basis of conclusions
What does ATP do for cells?
A. helps cells store fat
B. facilitates cell transport
C: stores and releases energy
Answer:
C: stores and releases energy
A ___ mutation occurs when a base in the DNA sequence is replaced by a different base.
Answers:
substitution
aggression
deletion
insertion
The answer is A, substitution.
Answer:
its gentic
Explanation:
i took the unit test and it told me it was genetic lol
Black fur is dominant to white fur in guinea pigs. If two black guinea pigs (Bb) are crossed, what color will the fur of their offspring be?
Answer:
Black
Explanation:
if black is already dominant and if to black Guinea pigs are bred then black is going to be the outcome
Answer:
The color of their offspring would be in favor of black and white (Bb).
-1/4 chance of BB (black)
-1/4 chance of bb (white)
-2/4 chance of Bb (black and white)
Explanation:
B b
B BB Bb
b Bb bb
1. Locate each organele in the animal cell Name the organeles Delow.
A
B
с
M
D
L
E
K
F
J
G
H
A
B
H
1
С
D
E
M
Type here to search
O
a
Answer:
pp
Explanation:
PLEASE NEED YOUR HELP Convert 1000 kg/m³ into gm/cm³.
Answer:
1 gm/cm^3
Explanation:
Explanation:
converting kg/m3
or ,1000kg/m3=1000/1000
=1g/cm3
If capital D = the allele for dimples, and lowercase d = the allele for NO dimples, what percentage of the offspring will show having dimples, with parents having genotype Dd (capital D and lowercase d) and genotype dd (two lowercase ds)?
If D is the allele for dimples and d is the allele for no dimples, a percentage of offspring with genotypes Dd is 50% and 50% dd will be produced with no dimples.
How will the allele for dimple express?The dimple appears when the D is present, which occurs in both the purebred dominant case (DD) and the heterozygous case (Dd), so when the dd is present, no dimple is seen. The dimple is dominant over the no dimple, so when the heterozygote Dd crosses with the purebred dd then 50% will have dimples and the other 50% won't, as the heterozygotes will produce both D and d types of alleles that will combine with d to make two types of offspring.
Hence, if D is the allele for dimples and d is the allele for no dimples, a 50% percentage of offspring with genotypes Dd and 50% of offsprings with genotype dd will have no dimples.
Learn more about the allele here.
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Scientists were examining the maize genome. They had two specimens: one control and one specimen that had undergone mutagenesis. They saw that the mutant specimen underwent a knockout caused by a nucleotide exchange in the DNA. When they compared gene sequences, they saw same number of nucleotide bases. Which type of mutation had most likely occurred? deletion insertion inversion substitution
Answer:
substitution
Explanation:
A substitution is a point mutation where a nucleotide base (either adenine, guanine, thymine or cytosine) is replaced by a different base pair. In contrast to insertions or deletions, substitutions don't change the number of bases in the DNA sequence. Moreover, inversions are large genetic rearrangements where the genetic sequence is reversed. A substitution may have different effects: change a codon to another (changing the protein sequence when codons are translated into amino acids), produce a stop codon, cause synonymous mutations (i.e., neutral mutations that don't alter the amino acid sequence due to the degeneracy of the genetic code), etc.
What are the reactants and products of cellular respiration ?
Reactants:
Products:
Answer:
oxygen and glucose are reactants
main product is ATP
Explanation:
Answer:
oxygen and glucose are reactants
main product is ATP
Explanation:
Can someone pls help me with these questions ASAP 30 POINTS!!
Here's some advice;
take notes, pay attention in class, and use your textbook, if you can't find the answer look on the web, ask a friend, but never use brainly because people will say random stuff to get points.
how does the structure of DNA determine the structure of RNA?
A- The nucleotide sequence of DNA determines the nucleotide sequence of RNA because only the bases cytosine in DNA and uracil in RNA will pair together when DNA acts as a template for constructing RNA.
B- The nucleotide sequence of DNA determines the nucleotide sequence of RNA because only the bases uracil in DNA and guanine in RNA will pair together when DNA acts as a template for constructing RNA.
C- The nucleotide sequence of DNA determines the nucleotide sequence of RNA because only the bases adenine in DNA and thymine in RNA will pair together when DNA acts as a template for constructing RNA
D- The nucleotide sequence of DNA determines the nucleotide sequence of RNA because only the bases guanine in DNA and cytosine in RNA will pair together when DNA acts as a template for constructing RNA
The nucleotide sequence of DNA determines the sequence of RNA because only the bases guanine in DNA and cytosine in RNA will pair together when DNA acts as a template for constructing RNA (Option D).
During transcription, a sequence of DNA is used as template to create an RNA, usually an mRNA.In DNA, there are four types of nucleotides, each containing one different nitrogenous base: Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine and Adenine.According to the base pair rules, Adenine pairs with Thymine (Uracil in RNA), whereas Guanine pairs with Cytosine.In conclusion, the nucleotide sequence of DNA determines the sequence of RNA because only the bases guanine in DNA and cytosine in RNA will pair together when DNA acts as a template for constructing RNA (Option D).
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As we know that the leaves of plants are waterproof due to cuticle. On the same way, take
some pieces of paper of leaf size and make them waterproof. After completion, put half of these
paper pieces in cold water and half in hot water. Do all the pieces of paper remains waterproof?
Explain your observations and results with justifications
Answer:
No.
Explanation:
No, all the pieces of paper did not remains waterproof because expansion of paper occur due to high temperature of hot water. We know that materials expand when they experience high temperature and contract when they observe cold temperature. So the pieces of paper remains waterproof which were put in cold water while those were not waterproof if they are put in hot water.
Explain the difference between a diploid and a haploid cell.
can sum1 tell me the difference plzzzz
Difference Between Haploid And Diploid
Haploid cells contain only one set of Chromosomes (n).
Diploid, as the name indicates, contains 2 sets of chromosomes (2n).
A-Haploid cells are formed by the process of meiosis.
Diploid cells undergo mitosis.
B-In the higher organism, such as humans, haploid cells are only used for sex cells.
In the higher organism, such as humans, all other cells beside sex cells are diploid.
C-Examples of haploid cells are gametes (male or female germ cells).
Examples of diploid cells include blood cells, skin cells and muscle cells. These cells are known as somatic cells
HOPE THIS HELPS AND PLEASE MARK ME AS BRAINLIEST.
Read the information below. You just scratched a mineral sample with your fingernail. Your fingernail measures 2.5 on the Mohs scale and fluorite measures 4 on the Mohs scale. Explain why the mineral sample you have cannot be a piece of fluorite
Please help me I need to write a 3 sentence
Answer:
It can't be fluorite because your fingernail is less on the Mohs scale than fluorite. When an object is less than another object on the Mohs scale it doesn't leave a scratch on the other object. Therefore if your finger leaves a scratch on the material then it has to be less than 2.5 on the Mohs scale. Fluorrite is not less than 2.5 on the Mohs scale so it is impossible that it is that mineral.
Explanation:
planets orbit in perfect circles around stars .... • true •false
Answer:
I want to say false... but I'm not entirely sure sorry if it's wrong :(
Explanation:
Answer:
Explanation:
I want to say true but if you think bout it nothing is perfect so i am going to say false sorry if i am wrong
1. Which of the following does not use radiation but magnetism instead?
A. all of these
B. CT Scan
C. x-ray
D. MRI
E. none of these
2. Select 2 that apply.
Figure out which step in the scientific method is being used.
"I wonder why the lake is brown today?"
A. problem question
B. observation
C. analyze data and draw conclusions
D. experimentation
E. report results
F. hypothesis
3.Choose True or False.
Electron microscopes are the best tool for use on living things.
A. True
B.False
the human heart starts beating around_____days of embryonic development(. )
a) 22
b) 21
c) 23
d) 24
Answer:
a) 22
Explanation:
Cardiogenesis which is the formation of the heart begins by day 21. The heart begins to form as paired tubes. By days 22 - 23 of embryonic development, the heart begins to beat. This represents the formation of the first vital organ of the body and it also causes the formation of left-right asymmetry of the body.
The days are counted from the day of the last menstrual period.
A snake species that has migrated from the mainland to a small island eats banana slugs instead of lizards and mice, its usual diet.
Which statement best explains this change in behavior?
A)The genotype that affects food choice is not isolated to a single phenotype.
B)Instinctual food choice by snakes is not related to genotypic flexibility.
C)Diet is exclusively controlled by snake genetics, not by nature.
D)Gene expression for mainland snakes is rigid and confined to one phenotype.
Answer: the answer is A
Explanation:
Answer:
OPTION A IS THE CORRECT ANSWER
Where does all the carbon in your body come from?
Answer:
your body uses oxgen and removing carbon dioxide as waste gas
Explanation:
Offspring that are genetically unique are the result of _____?
A.Sexual reproduction.
B.Mitotic reproduction.
C.Asexual reproduction.
D.Vegetative reproduction.
Answer:
hiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii
What does the acronym PMAT stand for?
P-
M-
A-
T-
Answer:
The correct answer is - Four phases of Mitosis:
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.
P- Prophase
M- Metaphase
A- Anaphase
T- Telophase
Explanation:
PMAT is an acronym that is used for a transporter protein Plasma membrane monoamine transporter as well as the four stages of the mitosis cell cycle. On the basis of the reference given in the form of an image, it is most like the four stages of mitosis are : Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.
Prophase is the first stage of mitosis and followed by the metaphase, anaphase, and ends with telophase. Telophase is followed by cytokinesis.
Answer:
P - ProphaseM - MetaphaseA - AnaphaseT - TelophaseExplanation:
The acronym PMAT stands for Plasma membrane monoamine transporte with the above four phases of mitosis.
How does meiosis help the chromosome number of a species remain constant?
a) by causing gametes to have half the species' chromosome number
b) by combining all the pairs of the species' chromosomes
c)by eliminating the chromosomes that the species no longer uses
d) by saving energy so the species can maintain its chromosomes
Answer:
The correct answer is letter A
PLEASE HELP ME ASAP!!!!
What are the challenges of traveling to and living on Mars?
Answer:
Here I hope this can help you with your question! :)
Explanation:
You might be travelling with other astronauts in a journey that will take between seven and 12 months, packed in a tight space. So you’ll need to stretch and probably find a way to have part of the spacecraft spinning to create artificial gravity. Having no gravity for a long time can cause a lot of painful health problems for astronauts. Then there’s the powerful cosmic radiation that comes mostly from our Sun. It can damage electronic equipment on board and create health problems for the crew. You and the crew will have to solve these problems on your own. The atmosphere is not breathable: it is only 1% the thickness of our atmosphere, mostly made of carbon dioxide, argon, and nitrogen with only a small amount of oxygen. Growing plants on Mars is not going to be easy. The soil is really salty and acidic. It is still unclear if we should bring bacteria to Mars to help plants grow (as they do on Earth). Finally, I would say any mistake in flight or during the exploration can hurt or kill you. The room for error is really narrow. Why on Earth would you engage in such a dangerous, life-threatening endeavour? I guess the answer lies in what has made humans explore throughout the centuries. We are always looking for the next frontier.
Answer:
- Travelling from Earth to mass requires a greater magnitude of escape velocity in order to overcome the Earth's gravitational attraction.
- Travelling to Mars is a great distance which is approximately the twice of Earth's distance from the sun (approximately 3.0×10^11 m), hence the Traveller has a possibility of not reaching the destination.
- Travelling to Mars requires a skilled Traveller and experienced, yet those travellers are scarce allover the World.
- It is also very expensive.
- Mars has a different and a greater gravitational attraction than that of the earth, hence a person of earth may not cope with it.
-Mars is very hot than Earth, hence the living on it is affected by the climatic diversion
what do viruses bacteria protozoa and parasites have in common
Answer:
I have same answer same values of bacteria and protozoa
What is the top number I'm the box on the periodic table always equals the number of protons
Answer:
The atomic number of an element tells you how many protons that the element has. This is written at the bottom left hand side of the symbol.
Answer:
hydrogen
Explanation:
How do Mendel's Laws relate to genetics and probability?
mark as brainliest.
or I JUST WASTED MY PRECIOUS TIME
What is the function of the chloroplast in a cell?
O Cellular Respiration
O Photosynthesis
O Packaging proteins
O Assembling amino acids
chloroplast manufacture food for green plants by the process of photosynthesis
If a branch bearing sweet seedless oranges is grafted to a branch of an orange tree bearing sour seeded oranges, what type of oranges will the grafted branch produce?
worker molecules of the cell
Answer:
Proteins are the Body's Worker Molecules
Explains structure-function relationship, amino acids, protein folding, genetic code, sickle cell and CF, and computer modeling.
\Which of the following is the BEST term for the set of cell processes used to make ATP for energy in the presence of oxygen? A) aerobic B) metabolic C) anaerobic D) anabolic
Answer:
aerobic
Explanation: