The fatal illness of coccidiosis reduces the welfare and production of chickens. The disease thus poses a significant threat to the global chicken industry.
The apicomplexan parasite known as coccidiosis, which affects various parts of the chickens' intestinal tract, has seven main types. Ineffective poultry handling has been connected to the disease caused by consuming sporulated oocysts.
Mixed infection among the species of this parasite results in both the pathogenicity and inaccurate identification of the disease. It has been claimed that this parasite has advanced in terms of pathological, morphological, and molecular methods for identification and diagnosis. The majority of the literature on this condition has concentrated on prevention measures, such as anticoccidial drugs, vaccines, and herbal remedies.
However, the increase of genetic and antigenic diversity with implications for anticoccidial medications resistance among several strains of the parasite Eimeria has raised questions about the efficacy of the available anticoccidial vaccinations.
Therefore, it is crucial to take a fresh look at the control method. With a focus on :
(1) Avian coccidiosis
(2) Epidemiology of chicken coccidiosis
(3) Eimeria parasite and distribution in poultry
(4) Diagnosis of Eimeria parasite
(5) Control measures of coccidiosis
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the health care provider (hcp) prescribes an intramuscular injection of vitamin k for a term neonate. the nurse explains to the mother that this medication is used to prevent which problem?
The nurse explains to the mother that intramuscular injection of vitamin k for a term neonate medication is usually used used to prevent a health condition known as haemorrhage
When this intramuscular injection of vitamin k is given to the client, it will definitely prevent the loss of blood from the blood vessels of the patient
HaemorrhageIn medicine or in healthcare management, haemorrhage can simply be defined as escape or loss of blood from damaged or ruptured blood vessels.
In general, haemorrhage is very serious condition in which if not properly treated may lead to risk of continuously loosing blood from the blood vessels
The purpose of a good s good health care provider is to give a quality healthcare services
The arteries are blood vessels which supplies various of the body parts with oxygenated bloodThe veins are blood vessels which takes away deoxygenated blood from various parts of the body and return it back to the heart.So therefore, for quality healthcare delivery, the nurse explains to the mother that intramuscular injection of vitamin k for a term neonate medication is usually used used to prevent a health condition known as haemorrhage
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guideline for reversal of antithrombotics in intracranial hemorrhage: executive summary. a statement for healthcare professionals from the neurocritical care society and the society of critical care medicine
Background: The use of antithrombotic agents, including anticoagulants, antiplatelet agents, and thrombolytics has increased over the last decade and is expected to continue to rise. Although antithrombotic-associated intracranial hemorrhage can be devastating, rapid reversal of coagulopathy may help limit hematoma expansion and improve outcomes.
Methods: The Neurocritical Care Society, in conjunction with the Society of Critical Care Medicine, organized an international, multi-institutional committee with expertise in neurocritical care, neurology, neurosurgery, stroke, hematology, hemato-pathology, emergency medicine, pharmacy, nursing, and guideline development to evaluate the literature and develop an evidence-based practice guideline. Formalized literature searches were conducted, and studies meeting the criteria established by the committee were evaluated.
Results: Utilizing the GRADE methodology, the committee developed recommendations for the reversal of vitamin K antagonists, direct factor Xa antagonists, direct thrombin inhibitors, unfractionated heparin, low-molecular-weight heparin, heparinoids, pentasaccharides, thrombolytics, and antiplatelet agents in the setting of intracranial hemorrhage.
Conclusions: This guideline provides timely, evidence-based reversal strategies to assist practitioners in the care of patients with antithrombotic-associated intracranial hemorrhage.
Neurocritical care (or neurointensive care) is a medical field that treats life-threatening diseases of the nervous system and identifies, prevents, and treats secondary brain injury. Neurocritical care. An intensive care unit in a hospital. System. Nervous system.
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a patient in the icu has been orally intubated and on mechanical ventilation for 2 weeks after having a severe stroke. what action does the nurse anticipate the physician will take now that the patient has been intubated for this length of time?
A patient in the ICU has been orally intubated and on mechanical ventilation for 2 weeks after having a severe stroke. The patient will have an insertion of a tracheostomy tube.
What is Tracheostomy?Tracheostomy is a surgical procedure which consists of making an incision on the anterior aspect of the neck and creating hole (stoma) in your windpipe (trachea) that provides an alternative airway for breathing. A tracheostomy tube is a curved tube which is inserted into tracheostomy stoma (the hole made in the neck and windpipe (Trachea)). The tube can be connected to an oxygen supplier and a breathing machine called a ventilator.
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How a drug exists is an important fact to consider. For instance, compared to smoking cocaine in the form of "crack", how will Indigenous South Americans who chew coca leaves absorb cocaine?
Indigenous South Americans who chew coca leaves absorb cocaine:
Slowly over a long period.
Dispelling Myths Regarding Coca Leaves
It's not cocaine.
It's important to note that there are many myths about the coca leaf before we begin chewing. First off, coca leaves have nothing at all in common with cocaine. They're more akin to an espresso shot, assuming the caffeine high lasted the entire day. You might start to perspire, feel your heart rate increase, and get the sudden impulse to climb a mountain. Your mouth could also get numb.
Cocaine, sometimes known as coke, is a potent stimulant derived from the coca plant in South America. Crack is cocaine that has been transformed with baking soda or ammonia into a substance that resembles rock. Both are potent stimulants with a significant potential for addiction. Many individuals are confused about the differences between crack and cocaine since the two narcotics are so similar. These variations mostly relate to how people prepare and use the two medications.
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Many medications are devised to have a slow release of the primary medication over an extended period of time. Which medication types are typically time-released?
A.ointments and capsules
B. foams and gases
C. capsules and transdermal patches
D. transdermal patches and foams
Answer:
C. capsules and transdermal patches
the charge nurse is developing patient care assignments for the evening shift and needs to assign clients to a licensed practical nurse/licensed vocational nurse (lpn/lvn) and a certified nursing assistant (cna). which clients should the nurse assign to the lpn/lvn based on skill level and scope of practice? (select all that apply.)
A customer who necessitates routine suctioning,
A client who needs their foot's dressing changed
A client who needs to be reminded about the diabetes diet.
these clients should be assigned by the nurse.
Licensed vocational nurseTasks for stable patients with predictable outcomes, like suctioning, reinforcing patient education provided by an RN, completing sterile and nonsterile dressing changes, and delivering Non parenteral drugs, are appropriate assignments for an LPN/LVN.
The RN must carefully assess the methods for successful delegation to unlicensed individuals because nursing assistants are considered unlicensed assistive personnel.
Delegating to the CNA is appropriate for tasks like conducting range-of-motion exercises and gathering a urine sample because they don't require assessment, interpretation, or decision-making.
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a client with a spinal cord injury tends to assume the low fowler position excessively. in which area of the body will the nurse most likely discover a pressure ulcer?
a client with a spinal cord injury tends to assume the low fowler position excessively. the nurse most likely discover a pressure ulcer on the sacrum.
What is spinal cord ?Your brain's base is where the spinal cord begins to descend. It's composed of nerve cells and nerve fibers in groups that communicate with the rest of your body from your brain. Spinal cord injuries can be caused by harm to the spinal cord itself or to the vertebrae, ligaments, or disks of the spinal column. The cervical (neck), thoracic (chest), and lumbar (lower back) regions make up the three sections that make up the spinal cord.
Main functions of the spinal cordThe spinal cord's main function is to transmit signals from the brain to the rest of the body, including sensory, motor, and autonomic signals. 1 To enable these functions, electrical signals are sent between myelinated nerves along the spinal cord's pathways.
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The compounds that help break down foods during digestion by speeding up chemical
reactions are called
Answer:
The compounds that help break down foods during digestion by speeding up chemical reactions are called ENZYMES.
a nurse is providing care to a pregnant woman in her first trimester who has come to the clinic for a follow-up visit. during the visit, the nurse teaches the woman about some of the changes that she will be experiencing during her pregnancy. which information would the nurse include when describing changes in the breast?
During the first trimester, the female body likewise goes through significant changes. Numerous symptoms, such as nausea, exhaustion, breast discomfort, and frequent urination, are frequently brought on by these changes. Even though these are typical pregnant symptoms, every woman's experience is unique.
What is First Trimester ?On the first day of your last menstruation, the first trimester begins and lasts until the end of week 12. This implies that you could be five to six weeks along by the time you're positive you're expecting! During these first three months, a lot occurs.
The neural tube will allow the baby's brain and spinal cord to develop. Other organs, including the heart, are also beginning to develop. The development of the structures required for the eyes and ears. There are little buds that will shortly develop into arms.
The most essential period for the growth of your unborn child is the first trimester. Although you may not yet be displaying much on the surface, your baby's primary body organs and systems are developing inside.
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a term named for a person or a place, such as alzheimer disease named for the physician who first described the symptoms as seen in a patient, is
A term named for a person or a place, such as alzheimer disease named for the physician who first described the symptoms as seen in a patient, is referred to as Eponym.
What is Eponym?This is referred to as a place or a thing which is believed to be named after something and in this case, it is referred to as what we call Alzheimer which is common with older people.
Alois Alzheimer is referred to as a German neuropathologist who identified the first published case of presenile dementia in 1906 through the various symptoms he observed in the patient.
This was the reason why when this condition was fully confirmed by others later on it was named after him and is being referred to as Alzheimer disease today.
This is therefore the reason why Eponym was chosen as the most appropriate choice.
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the nurse knows that the emancipated minor is considered to have the legal capacity of an adult and may make his or her own healthcare decisions. which child would potentially be considered an emancipated minor?
The child which would potentially be considered an emancipated minor is someone with financial independence who is living with his parents.
Who is a Minor?This is referred to as a person who is below the legal age of majority or adulthood. In most climes, it means that the individual has to be below 18 years of age and are mostly dependent on their parents in the home.
In a situation whereby the individual is referred to an emancipated minor then the individual doesn't depend on his parents or guardian and they don't have control over him/her.
An emancipated minor is one who is financially independent and able to take care of him or herself. The individual must also have the required legal backing for it to stand which is why it was chosen as the most appropriate choice.
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The nurse is to administer 1 g of cefazolin (ancef) in normal saline 50 ml over 45 minutes. At what rate should the nurse set the intravenous infusion pump if it runs in milliliters per hour?
The rate at which the nurse set the intravenous infusion pump if it runs in milliliters per hour is 150 ml/ 0.75 hour that is 150ml per 45 mins.
How is the infusion rate determined?The following equation can be used to determine how many hours the IV will need to finish before it runs out:
Volume (mL) Drip Rate (mL/hour) = Time (hours). The IV pump is set to 62 mL/hour and the fluid volume is 1000 mL.
How come the infusion rate effects?Ordered dose=1 gram in 50 ml
Time taken= 45 min so minutes to hour's = 45 hours = 0.75 hour that is divided by 60
so the infusion rate = total volume/time taken
infusion rate = 150 ml/ o.75
= 200ml/hr is the infusion rate to administer the medication.
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a client has been assigned a nursing diagnosis of fatigue related to anemia as evidenced by pale skin, statements of tiredness, and low hematocrit and hemoglobin values. what would be an appropriate nursing intervention for this client?
Diagnosis of fatigue related to anemia as evidenced by pale skin, statements of tiredness, and low hematocrit and hemoglobin values. An appropriate nursing intervention for this client will be :
Collaborate with the physician to treat anemia
Explanation:
What is ANEMIA?
When you have anemia, your body doesn't produce enough healthy red blood cells to supply your tissues with enough oxygen. Being anemic, or having low hemoglobin, can make you feel exhausted and frail.
Signs and symptoms, if they do occur, might include:
-Fatigue
-Weakness
-Pale or yellowish skin
-Irregular heartbeats
-Shortness of breath
-Dizziness
-Chest pain
-Cold hands and feet
-Headaches
Further with the intervention of the physician to treat anemia, he will decide the treatment on the basis of type of ANEMIA.
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for a patient with acute pancreatitis, which intervention is the priority? a. administration of a histamine2 (h2)-receptor antagonist b. antibiotic administration c. fluid resuscitation d. administration of an opioid analgesic
Fluid resuscitation is the right response.
What is a fluid?A fluid is any liquid, gas, or other material that constantly deforms as a result of an external force or applied shear stress. In other words, they are substances that cannot withstand any shear force given to them because they have zero shear modulus.
What kinds of fluids are there?According to their flow, fluids are divided into four categories, which are as follows:
Stable or unstableEither compressible or incompressibleEither non-viscous or viscousEither irrotational or rotational.What are the fluid's properties?The thermodynamic characteristics of fluids are their temperature, density, pressure, and specific enthalpy. Physical characteristics These characteristics, like as color and odor, aid in interpreting the fluid's physical state.
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in many respects today, what is the "organizing principle" for global health? a. reduce disability b. reduce morbidity c. universal health coverage d. reduce deaths
In many respects today, universal health coverage may be considered as the "organizing principle" for global health.
What is universal health coverage?The expression universal health coverage makes reference to health insurance that can be used around the world to obtain suitable medical care in different clinical settings.
In conclusion, in many respects today, universal health coverage may be considered as the "organizing principle" for global health.
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in today’s healthcare environment, the nurse is confronted with multiple stressors while attempting to meet the demands of the nurse educator role. which condition is the most common major stressor that diminishes teaching effort effectiveness?
A condition which is the most common major stressor that diminishes teaching effort effectiveness is: 2. Limited time to engage in teaching.
What is a stressor?A stressor can be defined as a thing, situation, condition, event, or person that is capable of causing stress to an individual, either male or female.
The effect of a stressor.Based on psychological research and experiments, stressors can affect an individual in the following ways:
Angry outburstsLack of motivation or focusLack of sleep.Chest painUncoordinated speech.Inability to think clearly.Lack of appetite.RestlessnessSince this nurse was confronted with multiple stressors while attempting to impact knowledge on student nurses as a nurse educator, we can reasonably infer and logically deduce that the most common major stressor which diminishes teaching effort effectiveness would be limited time to engage in teaching.
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Complete Question:
In today's healthcare environment, the nurse is confronted with multiple stressors while attempting to meet the demands of the nurse educator role. Which condition is the most common major stressor that diminishes teaching effort effectiveness?
1 Extent of informed consumerism
2 Limited time to engage in teaching
3 Variety of cultural beliefs that exist
4 Deficient motivation of adult learners
a client with schizophrenia is experiencing delusions. the client states, "my face is melting and my nose is about to fall off. don't let it fall off!" the nurse interprets this statement as which type of delusion?
The nurse interprets this statement of patient with schizophrenia as nihilistic type of delusion. The correct option is B.
What is nihilistic type of delusion?Nihilism is the renowned that all values are not having any foundation and that nothing could be identified or communicated.
It is immensely linked with extreme pessimism as well as a radical skepticism of presence.
The most common type of delusional disorder is persecutory delusional disorder, which occurs when a person believes others are out to harm them despite evidence to the contrary.
A best way to cope with nihilism is to compare it to the polar opposite probabilities.
A situation in which life has perfect meaning, perfect happiness, no sorrow or injustice, and where nature's progress ensures this in every way.
Thus, the correct option is b as it is the one that can interpret schizophrenia.
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Your question seems incomplete, the missing options are:
A.) grandiose
B.) nihilistic
C.) persecutory
D.) somatic
which age-related consideration applies to an older adult patient with a fracture? a. the bones are softer. b. healing takes longer. c. the blood loss is more significant. d. future bone growth is affected.
Senescence of the immune system and a rise in systemic pro-inflammatory state are two ways that aging impacts the inflammatory response during the healing of fractures. Thus, option B is correct.
What is inflammatory response?Many of the physiologic processes involved in fracture healing are altered by aging. Important inflammatory response cells, including macrophages, T cells, and mesenchymal stem cells,
Have shown inherent aging-related alterations that may affect fracture healing. The elderly's ability to heal from fractures is hindered by angiogenesis.
Therefore, If a patient is elderly and has a fracture, recovery takes longer.
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A disease that occurs at level of frequency that is constant in a population would be called.
Answer: Endemic refers to the constant presence and/or usual prevalence of a disease or infectious agent in a population within a geographic area. Hyperendemic refers to persistent, high levels of disease occurrence. Occasionally, the amount of disease in a community rises above the expected level.
Explanation:
you are dispatched to an assisted-living center for a 67-year-old male with "mental status changes." you arrive at the scene and begin to assess the patient. he is responsive to painful stimuli only, has rapid and shallow breathing, and a slow radial pulse. you should:
Changes in mental status referred as "delirium".
These also can be described as depression, dementia, and coma.
What is Change in Mental status?
Change in Mental status results in life threatening situations.Generally, changes in consciousness can be divided into changes of arousal, the content of consciousness, or a combination.Hypoactivity can be described by tiredness and Arousal includes it.Depression results in personal withdrawal, slowed speech, or poor results of a cognitive test.Coma is a complete loosing of consciousness in which they don't respond.To learn more about Mental status
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thromboembolic risk in patients with pneumonia and new-onset atrialfibrillation not receiving anticoagulation therapy
An irregular heart rhythm that starts in the upper (Atria) of heart is known as Atrial fibrillation.
The normal cycle of electrical impulses in heart is interrupted if person have atrial fibrillation
What are the types of atrial fibrillation?
There are three types of atrial fibrillation, and these are Persistent A fib, Paroxysmal A fib, Long standing persistent A fib.long Standing persistent A fib lasts more than a Year and sometimes hard to treat.Persistent A fib lasts more than one week, and it needs treatment.Paroxysmal A fib lasts less than one week and generally stops on its own treatment.To learn more about Atrial fibrillation
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a student nurse is accompanying a community health nurse for the day. the rn asks the parents at the home visit if the student can be present for the breastfeeding assessment. the mother's partner declines this opportunity. what is the nurse’s most appropriate response?
When a registered nurse asks parents at the home visit if the student can be present for the breastfeeding assessment.
The nurse’s most appropriate response
when mother's partner declines the presence of a student nurse presence is:
Honor the partner's preference
As an healthcare provider or medical professional, it very important to always respect the opinion and decisions of families they are dealing with as every family has their respective ethics of doing things, so the nurse must accept the declination by the husband.
What is nursing care?Nursing care simply means the healthcare measures given to patients with health conditions
So therefore, when a registered nurse asks parents at the home visit if the student can be present for the breastfeeding assessment.
The nurse’s most appropriate response
when mother's partner declines the presence of a student nurse presence is:
Honor the partner's preference
Complete question:
A student nurse is accompanying a community health nurse for the day. The RN asks the parents at the home visit if the student can be present for the breastfeeding assessment. The mother's partner declines this opportunity. What is the nurse's most appropriate response?
a. Reassure the partner that the student nurse will be professional.
b. Ask the partner to leave the premises.
c. Ask the partner about any concerns.
d. Honor the partner's preference.
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two days after abdominal surgery a client experiences extensive flatus. the nurse administers the harris flush, which finding indicates a therapeutic effect
The finding which accurately indicates a therapeutic effect in a client which experiences extensive flatus two days after abdominal surgery is: client's abdomen is less distended
This is one of the major assessment which a healthcare provider can fathom in a client experiencing extensive flatus after surgery
Health problemsThese are conditions which affect the health system of our body and need the service of a healthcare provider to help improve it
So therefore, the finding which accurately indicates a therapeutic effect in a client which experiences extensive flatus two days after abdominal surgery is: client's abdomen is less distended
Complete question:
Two days after abdominal surgery a client experiences extensive flatus. The nurse administers the Harris flush (Harris drip). Which finding indicates a therapeutic effect?
a. Client has a bowel movement.
b. Client's returns are finally clear.
c. Client's abdomen is less distended.
d. Client is able to retain a half liter of fluid.
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a client with a persistent delusional disorder has been prescribed ziprasidone. which assessment should the nurse prioritize when this medication regimen begins?
A client with a persistent delusional disorder has been prescribed ziprasidone. The assessments nurse should prioritize on the beginning of medication are cardiac and neurological assessments.
Delusional disorders are the psychotic disorders where a person believes the fake scenarios to be true. The person believes so hardly that it may be quite difficult to make them aware about the reality.
Ziprasidone is used to treat the mental disorders. The side effects associated with this drug are: dysrhythmias, extrapyramidal side effects, tardive dyskinesia, and neuroleptic malignant syndrome. This makes it necessary to perform cardiac and neurological assessments.
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a client is admitted to the behavioral health facility involuntarily. the client is scheduled to undergo electroconvulsive therapy. which action does the nurse take before the procedure?
The action the nurse should take before the procedure is to administer oxygen to the client.
What is electroconvulsive therapy?Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) involves a brief electrical stimulation of the brain while the patient is under anesthesia.
Action to be taken by the nurse electroconvulsive therapyDuring the preparation for electroconvulsive therapy, ECT, the anesthesiologist administers succinylcholine, which paralyzes respiratory muscles.
Clients require oxygen administration until their respiratory status is stable.
Thus, the action the nurse should take before the procedure is to administer oxygen to the client.
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an experienced nurse using contingency theory is orienting a new graduate to the unit. what needs will the nurse meet with the new graduate using this theory?
An experienced nurse is using contingency theory to orient a new graduate to the unit. The nurse meets the needs of
• Developing
• Counseling
• Coaching
with the new graduate using this theory.
What are the objectives and aims of Nursing education?One objective of nursing education is to prepare students to become beginning practitioners, which involves learning to make clinical judgments that protect patient safety.
Clinical judgments are routinely used to decide when patients are taught how to care for themselves, when they are allowed to leave the hospital, and how fast nurses identify life-threatening problems.
However, recent research shows that new grads do badly when making clinical judgments, despite having graduated from accredited nursing schools and passing the NCLEX exam.
The purpose of this descriptive, qualitative study was to explore how recently graduated nurses evaluated the process of gaining clinical judgment.
Baccalaureate nursing graduates were questioned on how they came to develop nurse-like thinking three times over the course of nine months.
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a nurse is caring for a client who is postoperative following an appendectomy and is prescribed d5 lactated ringer's at 150 ml/hr by continuous iv infusion for 12 hr. the drop factor of the manual iv tubing is 20 gtt/ml. the nurse should set the manual iv infusion to deliver how many gtt/min? (round the answer to the nearest whole number. use a leading zero if it applies. do not use a trailing zero.)
The nurse should set the manual IV infusion to deliver 50 gtt per minute.
What is IV infusion?
A medical procedure known as intravenous therapy, or IV therapy involves injecting fluids, drugs, and nutrients straight into a patient's vein. For persons who cannot or do not want to eat food or water orally for other reasons, such as diminished mental capacity, the intravenous route of administration is frequently utilized to rehydrate them or to feed them with nutrients. To rectify electrolyte imbalances, it can also be used as provider of drugs or other types of medical therapy, like blood products or electrolytes.
As mentioned in the question, the client is prescribed D5 lactated ringer's at 150 ml per hour by continuous IV infusion for 12 hours.
The drop factor of the manual IV tubing is given 20 gtt / ml.
therefore, the nurse should set the manual IV infusion to deliver 50 gtt per minute.
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a nurse is caring for a client with diabetes insipidus. which clinical manifestation should a nurse expect the client to exhibit?
A person with this disease has clear, unconcentrated urine, thanks to changes in ADH synthesis or action. The patient urinates a lot, feels very thirsty and drinks a lot of fluids. There is also an increase in urination during the night, and may even occur involuntarily.
What can cause diabetes insipidus?Central diabetes insipidus has many causes, including a brain tumor, brain injury, brain surgery, tuberculosis, and some forms of other diseases. The main symptoms are excessive thirst and excessive urine production.
What is the difference between diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus?Mellitus means honey in Latin, a comparison of the characteristic sweet odor and taste of the urine of these patients (urine with glucose). Already insipidus, it means “without flavor”, because the urine was not sweet. Diabetes insipidus is rare and characterized by pituitary dysfunction.
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the community health nurse is providing education to a client who gave birth 74 hours earlier. what would the nurse teach the client is a sign or symptom of hemorrhage?
With a late postpartum greater than 72 hours, women report heavy bleeding and soaking a peripad in less than 1 hour sign or symptom of hemorrhage.
what is hemorrhage ?Hemorrhage is bleeding form which can arise from a damaged blood vessel, different types of hemorrhage range from minor to major like a bruise to bleeding in the brain.
The possible causes of hemorrhage are Alcohol, drug or tobacco use, Blood clotting disturbances, Cancer, complication during surgery or childbirth, Damage in internal organ, genetic disorder like hemophilia, bone fracture or traumatic brain injury.
The hemorrhage can be observed in different location of the body such as Bruise or hematoma means bleeding under the skin, Hemothorax between the chest wall and lungs, Intracranial hemorrhage in the brain, Postpartum hemorrhage, more bleeding after childbirth.
Some other are Subarachnoid hemorrhage caused by head trauma, Subconjunctival hemorrhage, broken blood vessels in the eye, Subdural hematoma, blood leaking into the dura mater etc.
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Which of the following is not a function of the subcutaneous layer of skin ?
which of the following is NOT A FUNCTION of the subcutaneous layer? lubricates body surfaces.