Answer:
Today marks the anniversary of the Supreme Court’s landmark decision in Gibbons v. Ogden. Decided in 1824, Gibbons was the first major case in the still-developing jurisprudence regarding the interpretation of congressional power under the Commerce Clause.
The extent and nature of Congress’s power to “regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states” has generated extensive debate among legal scholars and jurists since the early republic and is perhaps the most contentious of the explicit powers granted to Congress in Article 1, Section 8 of the Constitution. A judge’s interpretation of the Commerce Clause plays an important role in his or her approach to the Constitution; indeed, one’s understanding of the clause informs how one views the power of the federal government and its relationship to state and local entities—otherwise known as federalism.
Aaron Ogden owned a steamboat company that offered commercial service between various ports in New York and New Jersey. New York state law granted a monopoly on steamboat operations within its waters to a limited number of businessmen, including Ogden, and it fined any operators who violated the restriction.
Thomas Gibbons, Ogden’s former business partner, had a steamboat business based in New Jersey that maintained commercial routes between New York and New Jersey, but he was excluded from the monopoly. A New York state court granted an injunction against Gibbons, ordering that he cease commercial operation in New York waters. Naturally, Gibbons appealed the case, which was eventually heard by the U.S. Supreme Court.
At the Court, Gibbons pointed to the fact that he obtained a license from the federal government to conduct his steamboat business between ports in New York and New Jersey in accordance with the federal Coasting Act of 1793. He argued that the monopoly maintained by New York law and the injunction granted by the New York court seemed to conflict with this act of Congress, and should be struck down in accordance with the Supremacy Clause.
A unanimous decision from the Supreme Court did just that. Chief Justice John Marshall spent a majority of the written opinion investigating whether or not Congress had the authority to regulate and license commercial maritime activity under the Commerce Clause.
The Court held that the “power to regulate commerce extends to every species of commercial intercourse … among the several states,” and included the regulation of interstate commercial maritime routes. Marshall asserted that this kind of power is covered under the Commerce Clause because the Founders intended as much when they authored the Constitution.
More generally, the Court articulated in Gibbons an understanding of the Commerce Clause that gave the federal government considerable regulatory power. It determined that the power to regulate commerce “is complete in itself . . . and acknowledges no limitations, other than are prescribed in the Constitution.” Marshall further clarified that Congress can regulate matters internal to a state that are fundamentally intertwined with interstate commerce, like the New York monopoly.
However, the Court stopped short of adopting an overly expansive reading of the clause and determined that the regulation of matters wholly confined within a state, like inspection and health laws, cannot be regulated by Congress.
In a separate concurring opinion, Justice Johnson advocated for a more expansive reading of the Commerce Clause. In a foreshadowing of future constitutional debates, he rejected a “strict or literal” approach to the text of the Constitution. Furthermore, he suggested that the Commerce Clause should be interpreted expansively to ensure “the advancement of society.”
Since the 1824 decision in Gibbons v. Ogden, the Court’s understanding of Congress’s power under the Commerce Clause has expanded tremendously. This evolution was particularly dramatic in the New Deal era, when the Court adopted a broader view of Congress’s interstate commerce powers and upheld many of President Roosevelt’s economic programs.
For example, the Court, in Wickard v. Filburn, that the Commerce Clause empowered Congress to regulate intrastate activities if this sort of activity, in aggregate, affects interstate commerce. In that case, the Court allowed Congress to regulate the wheat production of a farmer, even though the wheat was intended strictly for personal use and would not enter the interstate market, on the basis that farming, in general, has an aggregate effect on the national economy.
Given the importance of the Commerce Clause in today’s constitutional and political discourse, the decision in Gibbons v. Ogden continues to reverberate today. As a landmark ruling that precipitated and foreshadowed central debates of constitutional law, Gibbons v. Ogden was an important milestone in the development of congressional power into what we now observe
Why did not United States not complain about the construction of the Berlin Wall in 1962?
Kennedy was concerned that an attempt to halt construction may start a nuclear war, therefore the Americans did nothing as the Berlin wall was being erected because the Soviets and East Germans had the right to defend their land.
What is Berlin Wall?Berlin was divided by the fortified concrete wall known as the Berlin Wall from 1961 until 1989. West Berlin was cut off from East German territory by this ring. The German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany) started building the wall on August 13, 1961. East Berlin and the rest of surrounding East Germany were sealed off from West Berlin by the Wall. Guard towers were positioned alongside substantial concrete barriers, and a huge area (after referred to as the "death strip") had anti-vehicle trenches, beds of nails, and other defenses.
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Which of the following ideas about the nature of African labor in the British colonies does the image best support? (4 points)
a
African enslavement was not as significant to the New England colonies, which focused on small farming.
b
African labor in the colonies was very diverse, with a variety of occupations other than agriculture.
c
African enslavement was a critical component of the agricultural economy in the Chesapeake colonies.
d
African labor in the colonies offered opportunities for advancement and land ownership.
African enslavement was a critical component of the agricultural economy in the Chesapeake colonies have ideas about the nature of African labor in the British colonies does the image best support.
The science, art, or practice of tilling soil, growing crops, raising livestock, and, to varying degrees, the processing, and marketing of the products that result from clearing land for agricultural use. Agricultural production includes the following activities: factories; growing and harvesting crops; raising, feeding, and rearing animals. Aquaculture: Breeding of aquatic animals (fish) for domestic use Floriculture: Cultivation of flowers.
Agriculture covers a vast area of production, research, development, etc. Agriculture is engaged in agricultural activities. It is also the science or function of agriculture that involves cultivating the soil to grow crops and raising animals to provide food, wool, and other products.
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What was colonial life like in the 1700’s
Answer: hard work, even preparing food.
Explanation:
Much of colonial life was hard work, even preparing food. But colonists found ways to mix work with play. They also enjoyed sports and games. For most of the 1700s, the colonists were content to be ruled by English laws.
What were conditions like for African Americans in the South?
A new set of challenges confronted hundreds of thousands of African Americans in the South, including how to create a self-sufficient existence in the face of hostile whites, a lack of education, and limited access to other resources like money.
How was the living conditions of African Americans in the South?Following the Civil War, during the Reconstruction era, newly liberated African Americans faced enormous obstacles in trying to start their own families, farm their own land, build community organizations and churches, and seek equal justice under the law during a time of racist violence.Poor economic conditions in the South, which were made worse by sharecropping restrictions, farm failures, and boll weevil damage to crops, as well as persistent racial persecution in the form of Jim Crow laws, were the "push" factors for the exodus.African Americans who moved from the South to the North encountered a comparable level of social discrimination, but the law was significantly more on their side. The Jim Crow laws that destroyed black life in the South did not apply to the North, and lynchings were not as frequent there.Learn more about Reconstruction era here:
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This law demonstrates that at one time the federal government was willing to - (18B)
Question 11 options:
suspend habeas corpus
force people into internment camps
suspend freedom of speech
The law of Sedition Act of 1918 demonstrates that at one time the federal government was willing to suspend freedom of speech. Therefore, the option C holds true.
What is the significance of freedom of speech?The freedom of speech can be referred to or considered as the freedom available in the hands of every American citizen. However, during the wartime of the World War, the American government had taken the decision to suspend this freedom on a temporary basis under the Sedition Act.
Therefore, the option C holds true and states regarding the significance of freedom of speech.
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What was the main reason that many labor union members went on strike shortly after world war 2
Answer:
Poor wages and unsafe working conditions.
Explanation:
When they got back, they wanted to have better conditions and especially better pay.
Answer:
Americans working in industries across the country began to walk off the job in protest of poor wages and unsafe working conditions.
Which presidential candidate in 1860 wanted to avoid all controversy over slavery? northern Democrat Stephen A. Douglas southern Democrat John C. Breckinridge Republican Abraham Lincoln Constitutional Unionist John Bell
Republican Abraham Lincoln presidential candidate in 1860 wanted to avoid all controversy over slavery. The correct option is C.
Who abolished slavery?President Abraham Lincoln signed the Joint Resolution of Congress presenting the proposed amendment to the state legislatures on February 1, 1865. By December 6, 1865, it had received the required number of state ratifications (three-fourths).
The Republican Party ticket of Abraham Lincoln and Hannibal Hamlin won a national popular plurality, a popular majority in the North where states had already abolished slavery, and a national electoral majority made up entirely of Northern electoral votes in a four-way race despite not being on the ballot in ten slave states.
Thus, The appropriate response is C. Republican. When running for president in 1860, Abraham Lincoln sought to steer clear of any slavery-related controversy.
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Fill in the blank.
The colonists responded to the British policy with a on their products and services.
Answer:
Boycott
Explanation:
The Supreme Court concluded that, because African Africans were not citizens when the Constitution was adopted, they could not be considered citizens in this case.
What type of fallacy does this piece of evidence represent?
Answer:
B.) Genetic Fallacy The Supreme Court concluding that, because African Africans were not citizens when the Constitution was adopted, they could not be considered citizens is an example based on someone’s origin rather than current meaning or context.
Explanation:
mark me brainiest
Answer:
Explanation:
B is right
Which of the following best describes the
impact of the Battle at Little Big Horn?
A. It improved Native American and U.S. relations.
B. It further deteriorated Native American and U.S.
relations.
C. It prevented any more massacres from happening.
D. It encouraged a truce and cease fire agreement.
Answer:
Search Results
Featured snippet from the web
Although the battle was a major victory for the Sioux, they abandoned the encampment at Little Bighorn and fled, fearing further reprisals from the US Army. The battle marked the beginning of the end of the Indian Wars, as the remaining tribes were forced to cede their lands and move onto the reservations.
Explanation:
The theory of how to grow GDP is
O An equity concept while the theory of how to divide GDP is an equity concept.
An equity concept while the theory of how to divide GDP is an efficiency concept.
An efficiency concept while the theory of how to divide GDP is an equity concept.
O An efficiency concept while the theory of how to divide GDP is an efficiency concept.
The correct response is (c). The concept of how to split GDP is an equity concept, whereas the concept of how to increase GDP is an efficiency concept.
What exactly is the GDP theory?The gross domestic product (GDP) of a nation is a monetary indicator of the final products and services—those purchased by the consumer—that were created over a specific time period (say a quarter or a year). It records all production that takes place within a nation's boundaries.
Why is GDP a crucial idea?GDP gives decision-makers and central banks the ability to determine whether the economy is expanding or decreasing and swiftly take the appropriate measures. It also enables economists, businesses, and policymakers to assess the effects of various factors, including monetary and fiscal policy, economic shocks, and tax and spending plans.
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what effects did population growth have on the conflict between colonists and American Indians?
The effects population growth has on the conflict between colonists and American Indians are unemployment, the spread of diseases, and hunger.
The colonists and Native Americans both suffered from population increase because they required more land to raise crops to feed more people, which meant that they were encroaching on Native American territory and creating more problems.
Native Americans felt resentment toward colonizers as a result of being forced farther apart as the colonial population increased to make room for newcomers.
While English settlers and Native Americans in the New England regions initially tried to coexist through trade and a common commitment to spirituality, the relationship quickly deteriorated due to sickness and other issues, which eventually resulted in the First Indian War.
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Which answer choice accurately characterizes the American public's reaction to Hine's photographs?
Question 3 options:
People were concerned about the number of immigrants entering the country from Ellis Island.
People demanded laws that raised the wages of children working in dangerous environments.
People turned against child labor after the photographs helped to increase awareness about the issue.
The American public's reaction to Hine's photographs - People turned against child labor after the photographs helped to increase awareness about the issue.
The correct option is c.
Hine took his sociology pupils to Ellis Island in the harbour of New York and took pictures of the many immigrants that landed there every day. Hine shot approximately 200 plates (photographs) between 1904 and 1909 and realised that documentary photography may be used as a vehicle for social change and reform during this time.
His images remind us of what it was like to be child and to toil like an adult at an era when work conditions were more difficult than they are today. America's conscience was awakened by Hine's photographs of working youngsters, which led to changes in the country's labour regulations.
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Hi can someone please help me with this! So we have to create our own government for an island that we have discovered and my topic is like a clown society. Im going to put the slides that I did so far so that you can understand it more. And also the questions as well that I have to answer.
Any ideas for the Blue Questions (That im going to put) about my topic?
Given that the government that you have chosen is a dictatorship, the ways that they would be able to get a law would be through the supreme leader of the nation who would create the laws that must be upheld and his say is final.
Some of the laws that would be created in this dictatorshipThe citizens that would criticize the government would be executed.No practice of religion.Laws that would censor the press and also stop media and internet to a large extent in the nation.In this dictatorship, there would be no constitution that has to guide the attitude and the behaviors of the people in power. They can create the laws they want at anytime and may decide to break them also if they want.
The settlement of dispute would be between the appointed persons that the supreme leader has chosen to represent him in certain areas.
The way that crime and would be dealt away with would be through the use of capital punishment for all of the citizens that would be caught breaking the law.
The resources would be divided based on the individuals. All the people would be left to cater to themselves and it would be a system of survival of the fittest.
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The fall of the Roman Empire ended with the
short reign of which 14 year old Emperor in 476
CE?
A. Constantine
C. Marcus Aurelius
B. Diocletian
D. Romulus Augustus
Answer:
The answer to this is D, Romulus Augustus
How does the mood shift in "the only way"
In many cases, shifts in mood are a symptom of a greater serious health problem. they could arise due to intellectual health situations, hormonal modifications, or substance use issues, amongst other matters.
In relation to risk elements for mood swings, a number of factors may additionally come into play. but, the largest contributors to mood swings consist of mood regimen, sleep, and substance abuse.
It is feasible to stabilize your temper and improve your health with a view to keep away from destiny shifts in temper and feelings. the following treatments for adjustments in mood cognizance on life-style or opportunity remedies you could strive at domestic. other remedies, such as prescription drugs, are sometimes used.
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Saron, Glen, Rita, Monica, Natalie and Ana are six best friends who had gone out to a
party. They were made to sit around a hexagonal table in the restaurant. No two persons
out of Glen, Ana and Sarah sat opposite of each other. who sit opposite of Sarah
Sarah, Glen, Rita, Monica, Natalie and Ana are six best friends who had gone out to a party. They were made to sit around a hexagonal table in the restaurant. No two persons out of Glen, Ana and Sarah sat opposite of each other. In that case either Rita or Monica or Natalie is sitting opposite to Sarah.
Since according to the condition Glen and Ana cannot sit opposite to Sarah, so only combination would be from Rita or Monica or Natalie.
What is combination?Combinations are mathematical operations that count the variety of configurations that can be made from a set of objects, where the order of the selection is irrelevant. You can choose any combination of the things in any order. Permutations and combinations are often mistaken.
The act of placing the items or numbers in order is known as a permutation. Combinations are a method of choosing items or numbers from a collection of items or a group of items without regard to their order.
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How did the population of Ghana change before the end of the Ghana Empire?
Oit decreased because farmers depleted northern Africa's resources.
Olt decreased after new trade routes opened in other parts of Africa.
OIt increased because farming methods improved and irrigation was introduced.
OIt increased because the diseases became treatable.
It decreased because farmers depleted northern Africa's resources.
The Ghana Empire was the first significant agrarian empire to emerge in the area, while West Africa had long been home to several city-states and petty kingdoms. Its past is obscured by mystery. Like the Inca in the Americas, the Ghana Empire did not have a type of writing as we know it despite having a complex society, a division of labour, riches, and commerce. Because of this, a lot of the knowledge we have about the culture is based on oral memories and the writings of Arab traders from the Middle Ages. According to legend, Kaya Magar Cissé, ruler of the Wagadou kingdom, attained fame in West Africa circa 300 CE.
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Answer:
A
Explanation:
I took the test
The French built a thriving economy based on the
trade of
Alexander claims that his conquest will prove that people can sail
completely around the world.
True
False
Answer:
False
Explanation:
no true information about that
How did the Spanish differ from the English in their colonial settlement of North America?
Many English came to North America for religious freedom
Spanish came to North America for the sole purpose of conquest
Directions: Choose ONE of the industrialists we have studied so far and argue that they were either a Robber Baron or a Captain of Industry. Use at least 2 examples of their actions to support your argument.
Cornelius Vanderbilt (Railroads)
John D. Rockefeller (Oil)
Andrew Carnegie (Steel)
For example: Steve Jobs created the company Apple and was a Captain of Industry. He was a CoI because he created a piece of technology, the iPhone, that is used by many people and makes communication easier. Also, he has inspired other technology companies to continue to innovate (create new products).
Among the industrialist, we have chosen John D. Rockefeller who was considered a Captain of Industry.
What is Captain of Industry?A praising term for managers who are extraordinarily strong, wealthy, prosperous, successful, or prominent is referred to as "captains of industry." They play a significant role in the growth of the economy.
John D. Rockefeller (Oil) was considered a captain of the industry as he introduced several innovations which helps to make the availability of oil to everyone by popularising the industry.
He earned all his wealth with legal and ethical procedures by making modifications to existing inventions for better utilization.
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1
2
3
4
PARK
What did Abigail Adams ask the founders of the new government?
O to remember women's rights
O to give unlimited power to landowners
Oto write about the American Revolution
O to increase educational opportunities for boys
Answer: The correct answer should be the women's rights one.
Explanation: I am reading and watching videos about it, her and Mary Wollstonecraft both wrote and "fought" for women's rights. (also I know I'm late, this is just for other people looking for the answer <3)
Answer:
a women rights aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
Explanation:
We seek to modernize our pipelines and electric grids. We support the lowering
of energy costs and expanded exploration for energy sources
A.Republicans
B. Democrats
Republicans choose to strengthen America's energy independence, lower energy costs, and obtain energy from non-running sources.
The correct option is (A.)Republicans.
What are Republicans' beliefs?It is commonly known that the Republican Party champions right-leaning ideologies such as libertarianism, social conservatism, and economic conservatism. Republicans therefore typically embrace traditional values, little government meddling, and strong private sector support.
What is electric grid modernization?In order to build the contemporary grid of the future, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) collaborates on the Grid Modernization Initiative (GMI). . A modern grid must have:
Greater Resilience to all risks is a requirement for a contemporary grid. increased Reliability for routine tasks. improved security from a growing and changing list of threats.increased sustainability through the use of renewable and energy-efficient resources.To learn more about Republicans visit:
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List 2-3 ways that the Chinese Dynasties were similar to the Ottoman and Mughal Empires. PLSSS HELP
Answer: The ways the Chinese Dynasties were similar from the Ottoman Empire and the Mughal Empires gave below.
Explanation: Chinese dynasties divided on their geographic extent. While some dynasties controlled few parts and others ruled over all China. The older dynasties that ruled China often looked to expand their influence abroad. They traded goods like silk, porcelain, etc., with neighboring empires through voyages. In the later period, foreigners were ban entering China for several reasons, including cultural difference. They remained suspicious of foreigners as considering them as exploitative, intent on looting and aiming at conquest. Chinese Dynasties maintain their culture by providing isolation with encouraged them to flourish without inviting Europeans and sending people outside to learn about other empires.
After much debate, the delegates to the Constitutional Convention agreed to
give the president the power to:
O A. appoint representatives.
OB. appoint judges.
C. interpret the law.
OD. pass most types of laws.
After much debate, the delegates to the Constitutional Convention agreed to give the president the power to: pass most types of laws.
A debate is a structured discussion. Two sides take turns agreeing or disagreeing with a particular argument, usually based on current affairs. However, unlike arguing with family or friends, each person is given time to speak and all heckles are carefully controlled.
The primary purpose of class debates and inter-school debate tournaments is to encourage young people to participate in debates and to help students develop communication and listening skills and the ability to derive from the information they are given. and using logical methods to present and defend arguments. Rationale Think. The best way to start an argument is to start with a bold rhetorical question, a moving personal story related to your argument, or a shocking statistic. Define key terms and summarize the case.
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PLEASE HELP!!!! SERIOUS ANSWERS ONLY !!!!
Answer:
the answer to what it means is that the us milked the tresurey out of all the money that it had the cow represents the money the us has hte buckets are emty because of rapid spending and finally i dont think there is a solution other than limiting the budget
Explanation:
On the eve of colonization there were fewer than 100,000 Indians living in what in now the United States.
a. True
b. False
Answer: B.) False
Explanation: It was 3.8 million, not 100,00. Therefor the answer is false.
. The states of Maine, Massachusetts, and Vermont are a part of
the Northeast or New England region. Why are these states
grouped together?
Answer:
these states are the first places that the British soldiers claimed
Explanation:
Question 3 options: True False "Since 1995, the Supreme Court has consistently supported the use of affirmative action in both the public and private sector."