Answer:
Explanation: Alkyl chlorides and alkyl bromides are typically transformed into alkyl fluorides in the organic reaction known as the Swarts Reaction.
Swartz reaction?
Frederick Jean Edmond Swarts first reported this procedure in 1892. Heating the alkyl chloride or alkyl bromide in the presence of heavy metal fluorides like AGF, Hg2F2, CoF2, or SbF3 causes this reaction.
Swartz process can be used to modify work for bacteria. Bacterial biofilms are collections of microorganisms where the cells are immersed in an extracellular polymeric matrix that the bacteria have self-produced.
In contrast to planktonic bacteria, which are in a state of free movement in a bulk solution, this situation is very different.
Applications:
In this process, alkyl fluorides are created.
Fluorinated aliphatic organic molecules, or Freons, are produced via a different variation of the same process.
Anhydrous hydrogen fluoride is fluorinated to produce Freons in the presence of antimony salts, which exhibit the oxidation states +3 and +5.
Therefore, Alkyl chlorides and alkyl bromides are typically transformed into alkyl fluorides in the organic reaction known as the Swarts Reaction.
According to the most recent report by the united nations, the world is on track to reach sustainable goal #6 on clean water and sanitation by the deadline set for 2030. True or false?.
It is FALSE that the world is on track to reach sustainable goal 6 on clear water.
The Sustainable Development Goals, also known as the Global Goals, are a set of 17 interconnected global goals intended to serve as a "common blueprint for peace and prosperity for people and the planet, now and in the future." The United Nations General Assembly established the SDGs in 2015, with the goal of achieving them by 2030.
"Clean water and sanitation for everyone" is the sixth Sustainable Development Goal. It is one of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals created by the United Nations General Assembly in 2015; the official phrase is "Ensure the accessibility and sustainable management of water and sanitation for everyone."
According to a recent UN analysis, the world is not on track to meet Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG 6) on Water and Sanitation by the 2030 deadline.
To learn more about sustainable development goals. Click, https://brainly.com/question/14439115
#SPJ4
explain the role of abiotic in maintaining the balanve of ecosystem
Answer:
Abiotic factors are the non-living parts of the environment that have a major influence on living organisms. They can help determine things like how tall trees grow, where animals and plants are found, and why birds migrate. The most important abiotic factors include water, sunlight, oxygen, soil and temperature.
Explanation:
Hope it helps.
Please mark me brainliest
Describe which chemicals probably made up the first cells on Earth.
(There is no options since this is supposed to be a short essay)
Answer:
The first cells were most likely primitive prokaryotic-like cells, even more simplistic than these E. coli bacteria. The first cells were probably no more than organic compounds, such as a simplistic RNA, surrounded by a membrane That’s what I think
Explanation:
Answer:
The initial cells were almost certainly rudimentary prokaryotic-like cells, even simpler than E. coli bacterium. The initial cells were most likely little more than organic substances wrapped by a membrane, such as a simple RNA. That's what I believe.hope this help
Explanation:
nucleotides are monomers/building blocks of a larger molecule used to store heredity information called (____)
(____) is a single nucleotide (no polymer) that is used for cellular energy.
how are nucleic acids related to living things? in other words, what is their role in life?
testosterone treatment restores vestibular function by enhancing neuronal survival in an experimental closed-head repetitive mild traumatic brain injury model
Testosterone treatment restores vestibular function by enhancing neuronal survival.
How testosterone treatment restores vestibular function?The primary anabolic steroid and sex hormone in men is testosterone. In humans, testosterone is necessary for the development of the testicles, the prostate, and secondary sexual characteristics such increased bone and muscle mass and the growth of body hair. Additionally, testosterone influences both sexes' moods, behaviors, and ability to avoid osteoporosis. Low testosterone levels can lead to male abnormalities such brittleness and bone loss.
The androstane class steroid testosterone has ketone and hydroxyl groups at positions 3 and 17, respectively. The body creates it from cholesterol through a variety of activities before the liver transforms it into inactive metabolites.
To learn more about Testosterone from the given link:
https://brainly.com/question/2622673
#SPJ4
a neuron has a myelinated axon with nodes of ranvier that are 10 microns apart and a conduction velocity of 100 meters/second. demyelination occurs to this neuron. if an ap occurs at the initial segment and the current flow to the 2nd node of ranvier generates a subthreshold depolarization then the ap will be able to propagate all the way to the axon terminal but the conduction velocity will be decreased.
This significant boost in speed is mostly attributable to the fact that the laborious process of action potential generation only takes place at certain locations along the axon, known as nodes of Ranvier, where there is a gap in the myelin sheath.
If an axon's whole surface were insulated, there would be nowhere for current to exit the axon and no way to produce action potentials. As it happens, a Ranvier action potential at one node causes passive current to flow within the myelinated segment until it reaches the next node.
Following the generation of an action potential in the adjacent segment by the local current flow, the cycle is repeated all the way along the length of the axon.
Saltatory propagation refers to the action potential hopping from node to node since current only crosses the neural membrane at the nodes. Not surprisingly, disorders like multiple sclerosis that induce myelin loss also cause other major neurological issues.
To learn more about myelinated axon from given link
https://brainly.com/question/690266
#SPJ4
The drugs usually used to treat high blood pressure do not affect blood vessels in the lungs.
Bosentan is a new drug being studied as a treatment for high blood pressure in the lungs. In an
experiment, patients treated with bosentan showed an improvement in the distance they could walk
without fatigue within 12 weeks. Design an experiment to test the effectiveness of bosentan as a drug
to treat high blood pressure in the lungs. In your answer be sure to:
• state the hypothesis your experiment will test [1]
state how the control group will be treated differently from the experimental group [1]
state two factors that must be kept the same in both the experimental and control groups [1]
state the type of data that should be collected to determine if the hypothesis is supported [1]
The high blood pressure of lungs, PPH, or primary pulmonary hypertension, is a condition that can be fatal. Nonparenteral prostanoids, such as oral beraprost sodium or aerosolized iloprost, exhibit positive therapeutic results but are insufficiently active in all patients suffering from this fatal condition.
The goal of this trial was to examine the safety and efficacy of endothelin-receptor antagonist bosentan in individuals with PPH who were previously receiving nonparenteral prostanoids.
20 PPH patients who had either oral beraprost (n=11) or inhaled iloprost (n=9) for a median of 16-13 months had their effects of bosentan as an add-on medicine evaluated using the 6-minute walk test and cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Bosentan was added to prostanoids for 3 months, resulting in a 58.43 m increase in waking distance in the 6-minute walk test. Cardiopulmonary .The combination treatment of prostanoids and bosentan raised some safety issues when the combination therapy was first implemented. These individuals, some of whom already had blood pressure readings in the hypotensive range, were feared to develop hypotensive problems. No consequences, meanwhile, were found that would have pointed to substantial hypotension.The peak systolic blood pressure during activity was also considerably higher in the patients getting combination treatment, as was already indicated above.Finally, the current investigation has produced three original results. First, the findings of the 6-minute walk test significantly improved when the endothelin- receptor antagonist bosentan was added to the treatment of a subset of patients with primary pulmonary hypertension who were already receiving beraprost or inhaled iloprost. The addition of bosentan resulted in appreciable improvements in peak systolic blood pressure, anaerobic threshold, oxygen pulse, ventilatory efficacy, and maximal oxygen consumption during exercise, according to cardiopulmonary exercise tests. Thirdly, the use of nonparenteral prostanoids in combination with bosentan was safe, at least during the relatively brief observation period.
These results present a unique therapeutic approach for individuals with primary pulmonary hypertension for whom nonparenteral prostanoids alone are insufficiently efficabious, and they should stimulate rigorous research to evaluate if combination therapy with prostanoids and bosentan is effective
To know more about hypertension, please refer:
https://brainly.com/question/19135226
#SPJ9
A geologist is studying a rock sample at the base of a volcano. The geologist notes that the crystals in the rock are particularly fine-
grained
Which conclusion can be drawn from these observations?
O The rock formed from clasts that cemented together.
O The rock is an intrusive igneous rock that cooled slowly
O The rock metamorphosed after being exposed to high levels of pressure.
The rock is an extrusive igneous rock that cooled quickly
Answer: the correct answer is D the rocks an extrusive igneous rock that cooled quickly
Explanation:
most cancers require at least two mutations: 1) one in an oncogene, which encodes proteins that trigger cell division, and 2) one in a tumor suppressor gene, whose protein products, in their unmutated form, play a key role in preventing the cell cycle from progressing if the dna is damaged or in the absence of specific cues. which class of proteins might be considered tumor suppressors?
Cdk inhibitors is protein products, in their unmutated form, play a key role in preventing the cell cycle from progressing if the DNA is damaged or in the absence of specific cues.
Genetic changes that either boost gene expression or cause uncontrolled activation of the oncogene-encoded proteins cause oncogenes to induce aberrant cell proliferation. The opposing side of cell growth control is represented by tumour suppressor genes, which typically operate to prevent tumour development and cell proliferation. These genes are frequently lost or inactivated in tumours, removing any inhibitors of cell growth and promoting the uncontrolled growth of tumour cells.The scientists found that two or more important gene alterations are typically required for cancer to develop. These mutations in a person may result from environmental factors, inherited genes, or accidental DNA copying errors.To learn more about mutations.
brainly.com/question/13923224
#SPJ4
what does the fittest mean in the evolution sense
The total number of individuals of a species in a sample is called the community.
true
false
Answer:
That's a false statement
Eukaryotic cells store their dna in the form of linear chromosomes. This creates problems for replication of dna at the ends of the chromosomes because?.
Storing DNA in the form of linear chromosomes creates problems for replication of dna at the ends of the chromosomes because DNA polymerase can only synthesize DNA in the 5' to 3' direction and it's difficult to reach the ends of the linear strands.
The replication mechanism for DNA has a physical size. As a result, towards the ending of a linear chromosome's DNA chain, there simply isn't enough physical room for the replication complex to remain connected to the remaining DNA and finish the replication of the last few base pairs.
It is challenging to replicate linear DNA molecules because it is difficult for the enzymes involved in replication to reach the very end of the linear strands. As a result, a small number of nucleotides are lost from the ends of each chromosome with each replication, leading to a gradual shortening of the chromosomes over time. Eukaryotic cells overcome this difficulty with an enzyme called telomerase, which establishes repeating DNA sequences called telomeres at the ends of chromosomes.
To learn more about eukaryotic cells. Click, https://brainly.com/question/20183747
#SPJ4
describe the genotype ratio for their offspring?
describe the phenotype ratio for their offspring?
Answer:
Dd 50%
DD 25%
dd 25%
Has dimples 75%
No dimples 25%
Explanation:
I don't know if you have to turn the percents into fractions. You probably do. Have a great day!
Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own unique dna. Ribosomes in mitochondria and chloroplasts are similar to those in bacteria. Mitochondria are formed by binary fission. These statements together form the basis of what theory?.
Answer:
tydoysud8r6so5iaritskkys
Help please.
When an organisms passes on some unique traits to their offspring, which characteristic of life is this?
Growth and development
Organization
Homeostasis
Heredity
Answer:
Correct answer is heredity
A calcium atom has {Fill in the blank} valence electrons. It needs to transfer {Fill in the blank} electrons to oxygen to have a full outer shell. An oxygen atom has {Fill in the blank} valence electrons. It needs to accept {Fill in the blank} electrons from calcium to have a full outer shell.
please complete the blanks, tjank you!!
Answer: 2 , 2, 6,2,+2,-2
Explanation: type it exactly the way you see its in order
whats the lipid bilayr that forms the outer boundary of the cell
Answer:
phospholipid bilayer
Explanation:
phospholipid bilayer
1) the cell becomes hyperpolarized; 2) cell receives signals at the dendrites; 3) k gates close; 4) na gates close, and k gates open; 5) na gates open; 6) threshold of excitation
Correct order: ( 2,5,6,4,3,1 )
2) cell receives signals at the dendrites;
5) Na+ gates open;
6) threshold of excitation
4) Na+ gates close, and K+ gates open;
3) K+ gates close;
1) the cell becomes hyperpolarized;
Hyperpolarization:
first, cell receives signals at the dendrites;
then Na+ gates open;
then, threshold of excitation
then, Na+ gates close, and K+ gates open;
then, K+ gates close;
then, the cell becomes hyperpolarized;
How does a nerve cell become hyperpolarized?
A hyperpolarized state is reached by the cell after the generation of an action potential. When a nerve cell becomes hyperpolarized, it enters a refractory phase that lasts for around 2 milliseconds, during which time it cannot produce any more action potentials.
To learn more about Hyperpolarization click below-
https://brainly.com/question/17192086
#SPJ4
Explain how the cell membrane,nucleus and the mitochondrion maintain homeostasis
By controlling gene expression, the nucleus aids in a cell's homeostasis. In contrast to the outside, homeostasis is a constant condition that exists inside the cell.
To fuel the synthesis of proteins and other biological components, cells need a steady flow of energy in order to maintain homeostasis. The cell membrane, which isolates the cell from its surroundings, is one of the components that make up the internal structure of the cell. Genes, which are stored in the nucleus, are expressed to regulate protein synthesis. The microenvironment of the nucleus regulates the timing of gene transcription and keeps protein synthesis in step with the needs of the cell. In order to maintain the ideal conditions for optimal performance, mitochondria also contribute to the maintenance of the cell's environment (homeostasis). Free calcium is stored and released to do this. Mitochondria control both cell division and cellular proliferation.
Learn more about homeostasis
https://brainly.com/question/12221049
#SPJ9
When using dialysis bags to study osmosis in this lab whether or osmosis occurred is determined by measuring the.
Using the dialysis bags to study the osmosis in this lab to know whether or osmosis occurred is determined by measuring the pressure
A dialysis bag is a semipermeable membrane that is holds the fluids typically which are removed by the kidneys. Your kidneys are the responsible for removing the excess fluids, minerals, and the waste from the body. Dialysis tubing, is also known as the Visking tubing, is an artificial semi-permeable membrane tubing used in the separation techniques, that was facilitates by the flow of the tiny molecules in the solution based on the differential diffusion. the Dialysis tubing is the semi-permeable membrane, and usually made of the cellulose acetate.
To know more about dialysis bags visit:
https://brainly.com/question/14537013
#SPJ4
The process our body continually uses to help maintain homeostasis for our blood sugar levels is an example of _________
A. Negative Feedback Loop
B. Positive Feedback Loop
C. Homeostasis Mechanism
D. Both A and B
Answer:
A. Negative Feedback Loop
Explanation:
As far as I know, its mostly negative feedback cuz the end product of the cycle which is blood sugar back to normal level causes the initial thing to stop releasing (glucagon or insulin)
Which metabolic system is most responsible for providing energy for explosive power moves that are short, such as a single tuck jump or single burpee?
ATP-PC metabolic system is most responsible for providing energy for explosive power moves that are short, such as a single tuck jump or single burpee.
The muscle molecule creatine phosphate (CP), which is stored there, is used by the ATP-PC system to resynthesize ATP. This molecule's disintegration releases the energy required for the ADP & free phosphate to recombine and create ATP.
Examples - The Alactacid Energy System (ATP/PC) is the dominating system in activities like a 100-meter sprint, discus, javelin, high jump, and other sports with extremely brief durations because of the speed at which ATP is produced and the short duration of the fuel supply.
To know more about the ATP-PC System, click on the below link,
https://brainly.com/question/28392563
#SPJ1
What is biology and other branches of pure science
Answer:
biology is the study of living things and other branches of pure science include physic and chemistry.
5. Why do you think some people have a difficult time believing that global warming is real?
The false media report and scientist conspiracy make the people believe that global warming is not real.
Global warming means the increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the environment which causes the increase in the temperature of the surroundings.Due to this reason , the climate is getting hotter .This is actual fact proven by the scientists but sometimes the climate change news is given by the media not scientist which sometimes a false news and society won't accept it.sometimes there is actual debate between the media news and the climate scientist but doesn't means that the scientist are wrong or media are wrong.Also there is big conspiracy in the climate research report because of wrong experiment as a result scientist are not able to represent the actual fact of global warming and climate change.For this reasons the people do not believe that global warming is real.
Learn more about Global warming here
https://brainly.com/question/3553382
#SPJ9
Describe the change in the duration of insolation in the Northern Hemisphere as the Earth moves in its orbit from position B to position D
As the earth moves in its orbit from position D to position B, here we see that the Southern Hemisphere receive much more light than the Northern Hemisphere which in effect means that the Southern Hemisphere has more hours of sunlight per day.
What is the Insolation?Insolation is the amount of solar radiation that is received by a planet.
From the diagram we have, it show the earth and sun in different positions during the different times of the day and the position of the earth each year.
The diagram has each position representing one season. The northern hemisphere will receive the most sunlight when the earth is tiled more towards the north such as the diagram on the left-hand side will get maximum insolation due it the vertical rays of the sun.
Because of the fact that we have 12 hours of the day and 12 hours of night time. Hence the earth rotating on it axis will have sunlight for most hours per day.
Learn more about insolation at:
brainly.com/question/14392965
#SPJ1
1. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere absorb heat and then re-radiate heat back to Earth's surface. If the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere increases, Earth's temperature would
A.
decrease.
B.
stay the same.
C.
increase.
D.
vary randomly.
Differentiation requires __________ of particular genes to produce populations with __________ capabilities that form tissues.
Differentiation requires inactivation of particular genes to produce cell populations with limited capabilities that form tissues.
Despite this chromosome-wide suppression, certain genes manage to avoid X inactivation: in mice and women, around 3% and 15%, respectively, of X-linked genes are expressed biallelically. From a few percent of the expression from the active allele to about equal expression, the expression from the inactive X allele varies.A function for these genes in the evolution of sex differences in particular characteristics is suggested by discrepancies in the identity and distribution of escape genes between species and tissues. The increased expression of escape genes in females compared to males suggests that these genes may have female-specific functions and may be in charge of some of the X aneuploidy-related traits.To learn more about genes.
brainly.com/question/787658
#SPJ4
What term is used to describe public/private partnerships, such as the liverpool direct call center, that brings together private sector systems and technology expertise with public sector services and values?.
Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) is used to describe public/private partnerships, such as the Liverpool direct call center, that brings together private sector systems and technology expertise with public sector services and values.
The public-private partnership can be described as a partnership that a government makes with a specific private organization in order to benefit the public.
A public-private partnership helps the government in finding a specialized private company that will work best for a certain public issue such as technology, transportation betterment, or social service. The government then collaborates with the private organization so that better outcomes for the public are provided.
The Liverpool direct call center is an example of a public-private partnership in which expert technological services are provided by the private sector so that services of the public sector can be enhanced.
To learn more about public-private partnerships, click here:
https://brainly.com/question/14465350
#SPJ4
5) what are the specific processes (and intracellular locations for each) by which the information in dna leads to the production (or synthesis) of a protein that is destined for the cytosol?
The information in dna leads to the production are type of RNA that contains the information for making a protein is called messenger RNA because it carries the information, or message, from the DNA out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm.
Pre-mRNA transcripts are created during transcription by the enzyme RNA polymerase (green), which uses DNA as a template (pink). The pre-mRNA gets transformed into a mature mRNA molecule, which can then be translated to produce the protein molecule (polypeptide) that the original gene intended.Gene expression is the process through which information from a gene is applied to create a usable product. A polypeptide-encoding gene is expressed in two stages. The core postulate of molecular biology is that information passes from DNA through RNA and protein in this process.One of the liquids present inside cells is the cytosol, which is also known as the cytoplasmic matrix or groundplasm. Membranes divide it into compartments.To learn more about DNA.
brainly.com/question/1307341
#SPJ4
how can natural selection help explain how a population becomes extint
Answer:
Nature selects for the best fit individual for a given environment. Individuals that do not fit will slowly die off and become extinct.
Explanation:
If a given environment has better fitness for white rabbits than black rabbits, then the population of black rabbits will slowly dwindle to almost nothing. Why? B/c in this given scenario white rabbits are better bit so they survive more and their offspring survive more. Black rabbits are not fit so they will die and if they have a chance to give birth to offspring, the offspring are not fit for their environment so they will die. Eventually, there might not be any black rabbits to further the population. Here the natural selected for the white trait.
This is how natural selection can cause extinction. Those that are able to adapt or are better fit in an environment will survive and give birth to the next generation. Those that can't adapt or are not fit, will die off.