ilska, j., haskell, m.j., blott, s.c., sanchez-molano, e., polgar, z., lofgren, s.e., clements, d.n. and wiener, p. 2017. genetic characterization of dog personality traits. genetics, 206: 1101- 1111.
The genetic makeup of canine behavioral traits is of great interest to dog owners, breeders, experts in animal welfare, and researchers studying the genetics of animal (and human) behavior.
Variations in canine behavior between breeds and some evidence of variability within breeds point to the genetic nature of canine behavior. To investigate the genetic basis of complex traits like behavior, which are known to be influenced by nongenetic factors and are time-consuming and logistically tough to assess, it is difficult to compile sufficiently large datasets. By exploiting the knowledge that owners have about their dogs, we created a significant dataset of personality traits in Labrador Retrievers for this study. We demonstrate that, even after adjusting for significant contextual factors, genetic variance for canine personality traits evaluated by questionnaire data may be discovered. We discovered sizable genetic variance for some behaviors, such as the propensity to fetch and the aversion to loud stimuli, while other variables revealed miniscule heritabilities. Additionally, the genetic relationships between traits were examined; however, due to the extremely high SEs, only a small number of trait pairs showed statistically significant results. According to genomic study, which also identified chromosomal links for six of the qualities, individual genomic regions only had minimal influences on these behaviors. The polygenic nature of these traits supports the need for large datasets to quantify genetic variance and identify the precise genes causing behavioral traits, and is consistent with past behavioral genetics investigations in other species, such as the mouse.To learn more about dog personality traits visit:
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Which of the following is the best definition for control group?
a. Observations that may be quantitative or qualitative
b. A tentative, testable scientific explanation
c. Useful for determining the effect of the independent variable
d. A logical interpretation based on prior knowledge
+Control group is used as a standard reference for comparing treated groups. Thus, option c is correct.
What is a control group?Control group is important in a study as it makes a useful comparison of the study groups. Control group is kept constant.
In any study, two groups are included: One is the control group which is not under the subject of any treatment whereas the other is study group on which hypothesis of the study is tested by including independent variables.
Control groups are important in finding clinical investigations where the effect of any drug or treatment is compared in control group that is constant and in the study group which contains a part of treatment.
Thus, for every study, inclusion of control group is must.
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How would using hormones to manipulate plant growth disturb the evolution pattern of plants?
Answer:
Hormones respond to increased sunlight competition by stimulating increased stem elongation. Increased competition can cause plants to put more energy into stem elongation growth versus expanded leaf area.
Hormones encourage greater stem elongation in response to increased sunlight competition. Plants may invest more energy in stem elongation than enlarged leaf area in response to increased competition.
What affect evolution pattern of plants?The hormones known as BR's are unique to plants and control a variety of physiological and developmental processes in them, including cell elongation, photo morphogenesis, seed germination, flowering, male fertility, and senescence.
Plant hormones control practically every element of a plant's growth and response to its surroundings.
Many plant hormones play important roles in the interactions between plants and helpful microorganisms.
They are active at extremely low concentrations and have precise spatial regulation of synthesis and response.
Therefore, using hormones to manipulate plant growth disturb the evolution pattern of plants.
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look at screenshot 25 points
Answer:
C Enzymes lower the activation energy of a chemical reaction
How does mitochondria help a cell get the materials it needs
Answer:
the Mitochondria helps to produce the energy necessary for the cell's survival and functioning
Explanation:
you can Remember the Mitochondria as the "Powerhouse of a cell"
Ultraviolet radiation and radiation of shorter wavelengths can damage biological molecules because they carry enough energy to break bonds within the molecules. A carbon-nitrogen bond requires 305 kj/mol to break. What is the longest wavelength of radiation with enough energy to break carbon-nitrogen bonds?.
393 nm is the longest wavelength of radiation with enough energy to break the bond.
Wavelength = speed of light * Planck’s constant / energy
Value of Planck’s constant = 6.626×10−34 J.s
The carbon-nitrogen bond energy is 305 kJ/mol.
The given energy is in kJ/mol and is converted into kJ/photon as illustrated below.
Energy (kJ/photon) = 305 kJ/ mol × (1 mol / (6.023×1023 photons)
=5.06 × 10−22 kJ/photon
=5.06 ×10−19 J/photon
The energy for 1 mole of photons is calculated as illustrated below.
Wavelength= Speed of light × Planck′s constant/Energy(J/photon)
Planck constant = 6.626 × 10−34 J.s
speed of light = 3×108 m/s
Substitute the values in the above equation.
Energy = (3 × 108m/s × 6.626 × 10−34 J.s) / 5.06 × 10−19 J/Photon
= 19.878 × 10−26J.m / 5.06 × 10−19 J/photon
= 3.93 × 10−7m × (109nm/1m)
=393nm
Hence, the longest wavelength of radiation with enough energy to break carbon-nitrogen bonds 393 nm.
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the zebra longwing butterfly (heliconius charitonius) has adapted to withstand the toxins and defenses in its host plant, the passion flower (passiflora sp.). this back-and-forth response of adaptations between the butterfly and plant that has lasted thousands of years is .
This back-and-forth response of adaptations between the plant and butterfly that has lasted thousands of years is Coevolution.
What is coevolution?
Coevolution occurs when the genetic development of two or more species has an impact on one another's evolutionary processes. Hummingbirds and ornithophilous (bird-pollinated) flowers are two examples. The nectar from the ornithophilous blooms, which has a high sugar content, provides food for the birds. In exchange, the birds help pollinate these flowers.
As mentioned in question, the zebra longwing butterfly (Heliconius Charitonius) has adapted to withstand the toxins and defenses in its host plant the passion flower (Passiflora sp.). This back-and-forth response of adaptations between the plant and butterfly that has lasted thousands of years is coevolution.
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hudson, w. h. et al. proliferating transitory t cells with an effector-like transcriptional signature emerge from pd-1 stem-like cd8 t cells during chronic infection. immunity 51, 1043–1058.e4 (2019).
T cell failure is a defining trait of both cancer and persistent viral infections. A PD-1+ Tcf-1+ CD8+ T cell subset with the ability to self-renew and differentiate into more terminally differentiated cells that downregulate Tcf-1 and express additional inhibitory molecules like Tim3 has been identified in recent studies of chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection.
Here, we show that this terminally differentiated population is divided into two subgroups by the expression of the glycoprotein CD101. Initially differentiating into a transitory population of CD101-Tim3+ cells, stem-like Tcf-1+ CD8+ T cells later transformed into CD101+ Tim3+ cells. Recent CD101-Tim3+ cell proliferation in vivo, viral control, and expression of the chemokine receptor CX3CR1, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and granzyme B are all characteristics of these effector-like cells. Increased CD101-Tim3+ CD8+ T cell counts in response to PD-1 pathway inhibition raise the possibility that these recently formed transitional cells are essential for PD-1-based immunotherapy.To learn more about immunity visit:
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This is the most diverse of all the marine ecosystems. This marine ecosystem not only includes great biodiversity but at least one quarter of all ocean species depend on it for food and shelter. What is this marine ecosystem?.
This is the most diverse of all the marine ecosystems. This marine ecosystem not only includes great biodiversity but at least one quarter of all ocean species depend on it for food and shelter. This marine ecosystem is the coral reefs.
In the field of ecology, the coral reefs are considered to be having the most diversified species in them according to researchers. The great biodiversity present in coral reefs helps to make ocean life sustainable.
Underwater, there are thousands of coral reefs, referred to as polyps which help other aquatic organisms in many ways.
The polyps have an association with algae inside their body which is called the zooxanthella. This alga causes photosynthesis to occur due to which food is made for the polyp and other organisms of the ocean.
The coral reefs help humans in many ways such as clearing up the land for them. As the coral roofs are the biggest in diversity hence they help other organisms in many ways.
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Genetic Code
Project: Asking Questions about the Genetic Code
Active
Instructions
Click the links to open the resources below. These resources will help you complete the assignment. Once you have created your
file(s) and are ready to upload your assignment, click the Add Files button below and select each file from your desktop or network
folder. Upload each file separately.
Your work will not be submitted to your teacher until you click Submit. Can someone please help me
Answer:
Following are the steps to the given points:
Explanation:
The instructor has described the current task upload process.The teacher helped the children with all resources necessary again for the task.Every learner needs to create a document to upload a project and then select a task from the folder.To add a file, a learner should click the add-on button.Autotrophs are able to:____.
a. survive without oxygen.
b. use photosynthesis.
c. cannot assimilate carbon.
d. are primary consumers.
Autotrophs are able to (b) use photosynthesis.
Autotrophs are organisms which are able to produce their own food by utilizing light, water, carbon dioxide and certain other chemicals. Most of the autotrophs use photosynthesis to prepare their food. They utilize the sunlight as a source of energy to synthesize glucose from carbon dioxide and water.
Autotrophs are also sometimes referred to as producers due to the fact that they can make their own food. A primary consumer is an organism which is dependent on autotrophs or producers for food. A primary consumer is also known as a herbivore since they feed on plants (producers).
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What are other duties of a forensic anthropologist? we only looked at using bones for identification of a missing person. What are some of the other possible job responsibilities of someone in this career field?.
Besides looking at bones for identification of a missing person, other duties of a forensic anthropologist include analytical reasoning so that he can interpret and deduce results from observations.
The duties of forensic anthropologists include the ability to use their knowledge in making observations from bones. They should have an analytical mind so that they can easily relate observations to results. They should also be able to help in enforcing the law. Besides human bones, they should also have the ability to identify other bones if they are related to a crime scene. Special skills, such as recognition of trauma in the bones, shall also be their duty.
Some of the other job responsibilities of someone in this career field include the ability to determine the gender, age, and ancestry of a skeleton that has been found. Their job responsibility also includes the ability to travel at any time to a crime scene in order to make observations. They should also be able to make peer reviews. It is also their responsibility to follow all codes of conduct while collecting data.
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Name the bacteria that might occur in root nodules of legumes. decomposing bacteria denitrifying bacteria nitrogen-fixing bacteria nitrifying bacteria A B C D
Answer:
Rhizobium is the bacteria that might occur in root nodules of legumes. decomposing bacteria denitrifying bacteria nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
It shows symbiotic relationship.
Triglycerides are a type of fat molecule found in your blood, created from storing excess food in long-term energy storage. Based on that knowledge, which macromolecule do you think it is most likely to be?
Based on that knowledge, lipid is the macromolecule i think it is most likely to be.
What is lipid ?Lipid has been as defined as an organic compound that is unable to dissolve in the water. The example of the lipid is oils, waxes, hormones, and fats. The main function of lipid has to maintain the structure or components of the cell membranes, the storage site of energy, and most important molecule of the cell signaling.
The main function of the protein has to the maintain the structure and function of the organs, and to repair muscle, and muscles. Diet contains the high protein which has recommended for the purpose of losing weight, reducing fat, or increasing fat.
Therefore, Based on that knowledge, lipid is the macromolecule i think it is most likely to be.
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Should I use a line graph or a bar graph?
Answer:
none none none none none
Short, irregular, and flat bones all consist of thin plates of spongy bone covered by compact bone.
a. true
b. false
Compare and contrast animal and plant bodys and cells
The similarities plant and animal bodies and cells include:
Plant and animals bodies growPlants and animals bodies have definite shapesPlant and animals bodies are covered by protective layers of cellsPlants and animals both have plasma membranesPlant and animal cells contain organelles.The differences plant and animal bodies and cells include:
Plant have rigid bodies while animals have soft bodiesPlants have leaves, branches and roots while animals have hands and feetPlants cells have cell walls while animals cells do not.Plant cells are rigid while animal cells are flexible.What are plants and animals?Plants are large eukaryotic photosynthetic living organisms found on the earth.
Animals are either multicellular eukaryotic organisms which lack the ability to manufacture their own food as plants do, but depend on plants and other animals for their food.
The similarities plant and animal bodies and cells include:
Plant and animals bodies growPlants and animals bodies have definite shapesPlant and animals bodies are covered by protective layers of cellsPlants and animals both have plasma membranesPlant and animal cells contain organelles.The differences plant and animal bodies and cells include:
Plant have rigid bodies while animals have soft bodiesPlants have leaves, branches and roots while animals have hands and feetPlants cells have cell walls while animals cells do not.Plant cells are rigid while animal cells are flexible.Learn more about plants and animals at: https://brainly.com/question/489913
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Which excerpt from “I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings” best justifies the inference that Bailey is a supportive brother to Marguerite?
The statement that justifies the inference that Bailey is a supportive brother to Marguerite is 'I wanted to gobble up the room entire and take it to Bailey, who would help me analyze and enjoy it'.
What is being supportive?Being supportive means that you are helpful to another person to achieve their goals or that you show interest in achieving their goals.
To show that Bailey is supportive brother to Marguerite, he helps Marguerite in solving his problems according to be the excerpt from the given passage.
The statement 'I wanted to gobble up the room entire and take it to Bailey, who would help me analyze and enjoy it' justifies his supporting roles as a brother.
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Complete question:
Which excerpt from “I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings” best justifies the inference that Bailey is a supportive brother to Marguerite?
Another Negro woman of her health and age would have been expected to carry the paper sacks home in one hand, but Momma said, "Sister Flowers, I'll send Bailey up to your house with these things."
I wanted to gobble up the room entire and take it to Bailey, who would help me analyze and enjoy it.
I was respected not as Mrs. Henderson’s grandchild or Bailey’s sister but for just being Marguerite Johnson.
Momma and Bailey were waiting inside the Store. He said, “My, what did she give you?” He had seen the books, but I held the paper sack with his cookies in my arms shielded by the poems.
some biologists have suggested that overexploitation in the harvesting of some sharks, which are top predators, has caused drastic changes in marine communities. which of the outcomes would you expect after removal of a top predator from a community? population decline of prey species no change in marine communities population growth of prey species
Population growth of prey species is the outcomes would you expect after removal of a top predator from a community.
It is clear that humans are altering the Earth's ecosystems as the human population rises. Many of the Earth's ecosystems, especially the oceans, are susceptible to top-down trophic cascades caused by these anthropogenic influences. The majority of the world's income. This significance has led to an increase in interest in studying how human activity affects marine life and the creatures that live there.Picture of community ecology.Community ecology is the study of how communities, which are assemblages of interacting populations of the species residing in a specific area or habitat, are organised and function. Species populations interact with one another as they grow.To learn more about Population.
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Neurotransmitters are released from secretory vesicles in neurons by a process called ____________.
Answer:
Your answer is-exocytosis
Explanation:
The highlighted epithelium contains 5 layers in thick skin. Which of those layers would not be found in thin skin?.
The highlighted epithelium contains 5 layers in thick skin and the layers which would not be found in thin skin is referred to as stratum lucidum.
What is Skin?
This is referred to as the largest organ which is found in the body and comprises of different substances such as fats, protein etc. The skin is in involved in the protection against pathogens ans other foreign bodies. It is a sense organ and contains receptors for stimuli such as heat, touch etc.
Stratum lucidum on the other hand refers to the layers of clear dead cells present on the skin and are usually translucent when viewed under a microscope.
It is not present in the thin skin and are mostly found in the thick layers. They are commonly found in the parts of the body such as palms which is therefore the reason why it was chosen as the correct choice.
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The process of evolution involves changes in the genetic makeup of a population over a period of time. Sexual reproduction enhances variability among offspring. The random alteration of DNA from parent to offspring, called mutations, also produces variable characteristics in offspring. Some mutations can be helpful, while others can be harmful and hinder survival. In this experiment, students mimicked random mutations. Data was collected to determine if the mutations were helpful or harmful when trying to collect and eat food.
Which mutation provided an advantage for food collecting, but was detrimental when it came to food eating?
A. Group D hands fused
B. Group E webbing on hands and feet
C. Group A long nails
D. Group B paddle hands
Answer:
D, as you can see with the time. Collecting is very quick but eating not so much.
Explanation:
Describe the caused the attraction between Molecules of water.
Answer: The slight positive charges on the hydrogen atoms in a water molecule attract the slight negative charges on the oxygen atoms of other water molecules
Explanation:
8 Hypertonic solutions and hypotonic solutions can cause
molecules to move across the cell membrane.
in a Hypotonic solutions the cell tend to swell by allowing water to flow into it, whereas in hypertonic solutions the cell will shrink by drawing water out of it.
What is hypertonic solution ?Hypertonic solution contain dissolved particles like salt and electrolytes. Osmosis is a process where solvent moves from less concentrated solution to high concentrated solution through a semipermeable membrane.
When the cell placed in hypertonic solution the solvent from cell moves out due to osmosis and the cell to shrink.
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4. Suggest another experiment that you could perform that deals with surface tension. Write your question/hypothesis
below and a brief description of how you would conduct the experiment including independent and dependent
variables, controlled variables, and a control group.
The experiment could be performed like take a beaker which is filled with water an spread the pepper onto the water surface and you can observe easily how surface tension holding layer towards upper side.
What is surface tension?Surface tension is the property by which water surface tends to produce tension on it's surface, or we can say that surface is the tendency of liquid to shrink into minimum possible surface area.
Mathematically,
Surface tension is equal to force per unit length it means that force which act at a 1 meter length is called surface tension. By the virtue of surface tension bubble is formed.
Therefore, The experiment could be performed like take a beaker which is filled with water an spread the pepper onto the water surface and you can observe easily how surface tension holding layer towards upper side.
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a tumor that arose in a balb/c mouse is transplanted into a c57bl/6 mouse but does not form a tumor in the latter. this is most likely due to differences between strains in
This is most likely due to differences between strains is: MHC proteins. The MHC genes encode proteins that the immune system uses to distinguish between "self" and "other" cells and tissues in the body.
Immunological Variations from C57BL/6 to BALB/c :
-Innate immunological responses between C57BL/6 and BALB/c vary, particularly between type 1 and type 2 helper T cells (Th1 and Th2). Th1 immune response and IFN production are crucial in C57BL/6 mice. --Alternatively, the Th2 immune response, which is frequently seen in allergy reactions and infectious illnesses, is simpler to induce in BALB/c mice.
-Compared to C57BL/6 mice, BALB/c mice tend to elicit a higher humoral response.
-At the H2 location of the major histocompatibility (MHC)class I gene locus, these strains have different gene sequences; BALB/c mice are H2d, whereas C57BL/6 are H2b.
-The H2 locus is the site of genetic variation between these two strains. Certain monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) must be utilized to do this since some antiserum or antibodies that may respond to the cells of both strains cannot distinguish between the MHC haplotype.
-The difference in Listeria monocytogenes sensitivity between C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice can be attributed to variations in dendritic cells' early interleukin 12 (IL-12) production.
C57BL/6 mouse: Low incidence of various tumors: There is a low natural incidence (0% -1%)for breast cancer, and it is difficult to cause cancer with carcinogens.
BALB/c: This strain of mouse has a low incidence (3%) for breast cancer, while the rate increased when induced by the mouse mammary tumor virus(MMTV).
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According to the second law of thermodynamics, increases when energy is transferred from one form to another and some energy is lost as heat in the process?.
What term is used to describe the pattern of base pairing between one dna strand and its partner in a duplex?.
Complementary is the term we use in to describe the structure of DNA.
Which DNA strand is 5 to 3?leading strand
DNA is made differently on the two strands at a replication fork. One new strand, the leading strand, runs 5' to 3' towards the fork and is made continuously. The other, the lagging strand, runs 5' to 3' away from the fork and is made in small pieces called Okazaki fragments.
DNA are double stranded one strand is parallel and other is antiparallel strand . In which the base pairs are complementary to each other
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classify each example or definition as applying to either genotype or phenotype. you are currently in a sorting module. turn off browse mode or quick nav, tab to items, space or enter to pick up, tab to move, space or enter to drop. genotype phenotype answer bank
COMPLETE QUESTION:
From each example or definition classify as applying to either genotype or phenotype:
A pair of alleles, Brown hair, Haemophilia
-Genotype:
A pair of alleles (that make up an organism's genetic code.)
-Phenotype:
Brown hair, haemophilia (are examples of physical or physiological manifestations of the genes a creature contains.)
What is Genotype?
The genetic make-up of an individual, or the genes responsible for a trait or personality that is expressed in that person, is known as their Genotype.
A gene or a number of genes must be present for a trait to manifest, and the genotype is the result of the interaction of these genes.
Phenotype: what is it?
The way a gene manifests physically is called a phenotype. The phenotype is made up of every gene in an individual that is expressed or manifests physically.
A person is a combination of their genetic composition and environment. Consequently, the genotype determines the phenotype.
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The ________, a spot on the back of the retina, contains the highest concentration of cones in the retina.
The Fovea, a spot on the back of the retina, contains the highest concentration of cones in the retina.
What is Fovea?The fovea centralis, often known as the fovea, is a tiny depression located in the neurosensory retina that has the best visual acuity.
There are a lot of cones in the macula lutea, commonly known as the fovea. These are the retina’s light-sensitive cells that provide clear, center vision.
Is the region of the retina with the greatest concentration of cones also the region with the sharpest vision?The area that follows the spot of the retina located on the main axis of the eye is known as the fovea centralis. Since the fovea region of the retina contains the most cone cells, it offers the sharpest potential vision.
Where is the greatest concentration of cones?The 0.3 mm fovea centralis contains a strong concentration of cone cells.
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