What are the three
groups of
biodiversity?
A. bacteria, fungus, algae
B. species, ecosystems, genes
C. kingdoms, domains, DNA
D. individuals, living, non-living
Answer:
B. Species, ecosystems, genes
Polydactylism occurs _______. a. only in cats b. only in humans c. in less than one in 1000 children d. more commonly in certain populations, such as the amish. please select the best answer from the choices provided a b c d
Answer: d.
more commonly in certain populations, such as the Amish.
Explanation:
Saturated and unsaturated fats differ from each other in what important structural way?.
Differ from each other are saturated fats have the maximum number of hydrogens possible, while unsaturated fats have a double bond between two of the carbons.
The ideal number of bonds for a carbon is four.Each carbon atom in saturated fats is linked to four hydrogen atoms. It has a straight structure as a result, allowing them to stack on top of one another. They are solid at normal temperature so they can stack. As a result, they can clog your arteries because they are solid in your body.Carbon in unsaturated fats forms a double bond with another carbon. Since the molecule has a bent structure due to the double bond, it can't stack on top of itself and is liquid at ambient temperature. These fats are better for you.To learn more about fats.
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application of solid-state fermentation by microbial biotechnology for bioprocessing of agro-industrial wastes from 1970 to 2020: a review and bibliometric analysis
This paper reviews the pertinent literature from 1970 to 2020 and presents a bibliometric analysis of research trends in the application of solid-state fermentation in the bioprocessing of agro-industrial wastes.
What is agro-industrial wastes?Bioactive chemicals and nutrients abound in agro-industrial wastes and residues. As a result, they should be viewed as "raw material" rather than "wastes" for other industrial operations because such wastes have a variety of constituents, including proteins, carbohydrates, and minerals. As a result of the presence of such nutrients in these wastes, bacteria might flourish under favorable conditions. Through fermentation processes, the microbes may be able to utilise the waste as a source of new raw resources for growth.
In SSF methods for the creation of a variety of substantial useful compounds, the agro-industrial wastes can be utilized as a reliable support. Trash products from the agricultural and agro-based industries can lower production costs and contribute to waste recycling, which helps to protect the environment.
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Exponential growth(diagram A) refers to the phenomena of populations that double in size every generation. If you start with a single bacterium cable of dividing every 20 minutes,how many bacteria would you have after just four hours
After four hours you would have about 4096 bacteria.
Since the bacteria undergoes exponential growth, After each generation the population number doubles in size.
Hence, at the end of first 20 minutes we will have two bacteria.
at the end of 40 minutes we have 4 bacteria and at the end of one hour we have 8 bacteria and so on.
since the bacteria undergoes binary fission, a simple way to calculate the total number of bacteria is to divide the 4 hours in parts of 20.
In four hours the bacteria multiplies 12 times
hence, 2^12=4096.
What is exponential growth?
The exponential phase of growth is a balanced growth pattern in which all the cells regularly divide by binary fission and increase in size by geometric progression. Depending on the make-up of the growth medium and the incubation circumstances, the cells divide at a consistent rate.
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According to the rna world model, a ribozyme would replicate by creating a double-stranded rna intermediate. Would you expect the intermediate to have the same catalytic activity as the original ribozyme?.
According to the RNA world model, a ribozyme would replicate by creating a double-stranded RNA intermediate, but the intermediate will not have the same catalytic activity as the ribozyme.
Ribozyme is the RNA that has the ability to catalyze chemical reactions. A ribozyme can replicate to form double stranded RNA intermediate.
However, it does not have the same catalytic activity because the activity depends upon the tertiary structure of a RNA. And the intermediate will not have the same tertiary structure as ribozyme. It will have entirely different bonds and active sites. Hence the intermediate may not have catalytic activity.
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Small-island developing states have long been at the forefront of demanding that countries that are industrially advanced and are largely responsible for the emissions that cause climate change must address the loss and damages that sids are encountering due to climate change. What is the current status of reparations for sids?.
(c) "Industrialized countries have not made a legally binding commitment to provide reparations to SIDS for their losses and damage" is the current status of reparations for sids.
Small island developing states (SIDS) are a special class of nations that contribute very little to the causes of climate change yet endure a disproportionate amount of its effects. For the foreseeable future, there are serious concerns about how vulnerable they are and how little they have to change.
This policy brief examines both the obstacles to adaptation and development, internal migration and displacement, sovereignty, and exclusive economic zones that SIDS face as a result of climate change, as well as the strategies they employ to advance their cause, such as monetary compensation claims and multilateral diplomacy.
The policy brief suggests a course of action that outlines potential political, legal, economic, and other approaches to resolving the SIDS' situation. In order to compensate SIDS for their losses and damage, industrialized nations have not established a legally enforceable promise to do so.
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Question correction:
Small-Island Developing States have long been at the forefront of demanding that countries that are industrially advanced and are largely responsible for the emissions that cause climate change must address the loss and damages that SIDS are encountering due to climate change. What is the current status of reparations for SIDS?
a. Industrialized countries have indicated that they do not believe that reparations for loss and damages are warranted.
b. After having legally committed to reparation commitments in the Paris Agreement, industrialized countries are 5 years into paying reparations.
c. Industrialized countries have not made a legally binding commitment to provide reparations to SIDS for their losses and damage.
d. Industrialized countries have made a legally binding commitment to provide reparations to SIDS for their losses and damage
What should the reader study to make inferences about the personality traits of people in a text? Check all that apply.
Answer: Action thoughts words
If you hold a salty cracker in your mouth long enough, it will begin to taste sweet. What is responsible for this change in taste?.
The transformation of starch into sugar starts withinside the mouth. Amylase is an enzyme in saliva with a view to ruin-down starch to sugar. If an man or woman chews on a saltine cracker for a while, it'll start to flavor candy due to the fact the enzymes in saliva ruin down the starch into glucose sugar
Nerves located alongside the pathway from the mouth to the mind are liable for flavor bud characteristic and the notion of flavor. Nerve harm everywhere alongside this pathway, whether or not from damage or illness, can make contributions to a alternate to your flavor buds
Within the saliva, there's an enzyme referred to as amylase that breaks down carbs. Specifically, it breaks down starch molecules and turns them into easy sugars. If a cracker tastes candy, this is due to the fact the amylase is breaking down the carbs.
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Microfilaments can be involved in contractions that change the shape of a cell when they are.
Microfilaments can be involved in contractions that change the shape of a cell when they are associated with motor proteins such as myosin.
Microfilaments- As they are made up of two entangled strands of the globular protein know as actin, microfilaments are also known as actin filaments. They are the tiniest filament of the cytoskeleton and polymers of a protein actin. They are essential for muscle contraction, cell division, and cellular mobility.
Myosin- The molecular motor known as myosin transforms the chemical energy supplied by ATP into mechanical energy. The actin filaments are subsequently pulled along by this mechanical energy, contracting the muscle fibers and resulting in movement.
The given question is incomplete, find below the complete question,
Q. Microfilaments can be involved in contractions that change the shape of: -
a cell when they are
a. Working with microtubules to bend cilia and flagella
b. Associated with motor proteins such as myosin
c. Complexed with intermediate filaments to form desmosomes
d. Being assembled from actin monomers
e. Associated with actin-associated proteins that are adding actin monomers to the "plus end" of the filament
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Name two properties that may make it difficult for a molecule to cross the lipid bilayer without help.
Hydrophilicity and large size are the two properties that does not allow a molecule to cross the lipid bilayer without help.
Hydrophilicity is the property of loving water. The molecules that can easily interact with water are called hydrophilic. These are generally the polar molecules. The phosphate head of the lipid bilayer is also hydrophilic. Other examples are: alcohol, ammonia, urea, etc.
Lipid bilayer is the plasma membrane that surrounds the cells. It consists of two leaflets of lipids with their tails facing each other and the hydrophilic heads interacting with the outer environment. The lipid bilayer can also form liposomes apart from the cell membrane.
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The central sulcus is associated with the part of the brain that controls conscious movement of the opposite side of the body. Because of this it is also known as?.
Answer:
The Rolandic sulcus, also called Rolando or the central sulcus
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1. Parasites live and feed on other creatures known as
Answer:pray
Explanation:
What structure is responsible for increasing surface area to provide for the strength of attachment between the epidermis and dermis?.
Dermal papillae increase the strength of the connection between the epidermis and dermis.
Which form of collagen joins the dermis to the basal layer of the epidermis?The innermost layer of the epidermis, the stratum basale (also known as the stratum germinativum), connects it to the basal lamina, which is where the layers of the dermis are located. The basement membrane, a network of intertwined collagen fibers, which connects the cells of the stratum basale to the dermis.
The epidermis of thick skin has five layers stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulsum, stratum lucidum and stratum corneum.
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There is a growing segment of people who want food that tastes good and is also good for them. This healthy-living segment represents which segmentation base?.
I need to know what’s the placement of these things for my Science class
Given below is the explanation of a model depicting how food changes during the process of digestion and exercise:
Food digestion occurs in the stomach and the intestines.Matter from the food is broken down by chemical reactions.This results in energy.Exercise takes place in the muscle cells.Matter from the food is built up by physical changes.This results in carbon dioxide production due to anaerobic respiration in the muscles that leads to the accumulation of lactic acid.In order to be absorbed into the watery blood plasma, large, insoluble food molecules must be broken down into smaller, water-soluble food molecules during digestion. These tiny molecules enter the bloodstream through the small intestine in some organisms.Ingestion, propulsion, mechanical or physical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption, and feces are the six steps in the digestion process.Exercise is a type of physical activity that improves or maintains overall health and wellness as well as physical fitness.It is done for a variety of objectives, such to promote strength and growth, build muscles and the cardiovascular system, refine athletic abilities, lose or maintain weight, enhance health, or just for fun.Learn more about digestion here:
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Surface currents are a result of: (Check all that apply.)
The salinity level
Global wind patterns
Shape of ocean basins
Earth's rotation
Surface currents are a result of global wind patterns and the earth's rotation. The correct options are B and D.
What are surface currents?Surface currents are heat current that travels from one direction to another direction in the whole world. They move heat currents from tropic to polar regions.
These currents are caused by three reasons, these reasons are rotation of the earth, the global wind system, and the position of landforms. The gulf of the stream brings warm water to the eastern coast.
Thus, the correct options are B, Global wind patterns, and D, Earth's rotation.
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Prior to cell division, each chromosome must__13_. Each of these copies
is called a ___14___ and they are held together in an area called a ____15___
answer:
coiled/replicate, recombinant, centromere
Explanation:
PLEASE HELP ME!
Of the five characteristics of living things, which one is required for the species to survive but does not have to apply to an individual?
response to the environment
use of energy to function
reproduction
growth and change over a life cycle
Answer:
I think its 'growth and change over a life cycle', im not the best at biology :/
What two main things do eurkaryotes have that prokaryotes lack?
Answer:
Nucleus and organelles
What are the major characteristics of Coelenterata
HELPPPPPPPPP PLEASE WILL GIVE BRAINLIEST
pharmacokinetics and in vivo chemosuppressive activity studies on cryptolepine hydrochloride and cryptolepine hydrochloride-loaded gelatine nanoformulation designed for parenteral administration for the treatment of malaria
The primary goal of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetics profile of the medication free in solution with that of the parenterally administered, gelatine nanoparticles (CHN) containing cryptolepine hydrochloride for the treatment of malaria (CHS).
Via giving CHN or CHS (equal to 10 mg/kg of medication) by IV bolus injection into the lateral tail vein, single-dose pharmacokinetics was studied in Wistar rats. After delivery, the drug's plasma concentration was observed for 24 hours. In Wistar rats given a P.
berghei parasite challenge, chemopresor activity was examined. The intraperitoneal injection of either CHN or CHS at a dosage of 2.5–100 mg/kg/day was administered to the animals.
Giemsa-stained thin blood smears obtained on day four of infection were examined by light microscopy to gauge the amount of parasitaemia. It was discovered that CHN achieved a greater area under the curve (AUC (0-24)) compared to H CHS (by 4.5-folds).owever, CHS created a greater amount of dispersion (4-folds).
CHS had a lower (11.7 h) elimination half-life than CHN because of increased distribution and elimination rates (21.85 h). In comparison to CHS, CHN had greater chemosuppressive efficacy at all dosage levels due to its improved pharmacokinetic profile.
The molecule with the greatest chemosuppression (97.89 3.10) generated by 100 mg/kg of cryptolepine hydrochloride was loaded into gelatine nanoparticles, which enhanced both pharmacokinetics and in vivo antiplasmodial efficacy.
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- burn causes accumulation of cd11bf4/80 macrophages in periphery. expression of tlr2 and tlr4 increases in these macrophages early (3 days) after burn and decreases late (14 days). when tlr2 and 4 are ligated and macs are stimulated, there’s difference in cytokine expression profile, but it changes when either tlr2 or 4 are stimulated. (cairns 2008
After burn injury, complicated altered cytokine profiles are caused by toll-like receptor 2 and 4 ligation. Toll-like receptor TLR2 and TLR4, expressed on innate immune cells, are important mediators of the immune response to pathogens.
Background:
In this study, we hypothesized that burn injury would lead to altered cytokine secretion profiles following her TLR2 or TLR4 ligation, associated with changes in her TLR expression in innate immune cells.
METHODS:
Female C56BL/6 mice were subjected to full-thickness burns or sham wounds of her 20%. At 3 or 14 days after her injury, whole spleen cells or purified splenic macrophages were cultured with her TLR2 ligand peptidoglycan or her TLR4 ligand lipopolysaccharide.
Supernatants were tested for TNF-α, MCP-1, IL-6, and IL-10. Cell death was assessed using flow cytometry. CD11b F4/80 congenital macrophages were sorted 14 days after burn injury and TLR2 and 4 expression was determined by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and flow cytometry.
RESULTS:
Burn injury results in a stable accumulation of CD11bF4/80 macrophages in the periphery. Purified macrophages early after burn injury upregulated TLR2 and 4, followed by a decrease in TLR2 and TLR4 expression late after burn injury.
Equivalent numbers of TLR2 and TLR4 ligated purified macrophages 3 days after thermal injury revealed no significant difference in cytokine secretion compared to sham. Stimulation 14 days after burn injury showed a significant decrease in tumor necrosis factor-α secretion by macrophages compared to sham mice.
In contrast, in the late post-burn period, interleukin-10 was significantly increased (mean approximately 1.8-fold) after either TLR2 or TLR4 stimulation. Interleukin-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 secretion were unchanged from sham levels.
In contrast, stimulation of whole splenocytes increased cytokines 3 and 14 days after burn injury. This effect may be caused by the accumulation of His TLR macrophages, which are resistant to TLR-induced cell death.
CONCLUSIONS:
Cytokine secretion profiles after TLR2 and TLR4 ligation after burn injury are altered in ways that do not clearly reflect anti- or pro-inflammatory states and are associated with intrinsic changes in populations. TLR2 and TLR4 ligation play complex and diverse roles in mediating the immune response to burn injury.
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Multicellular organisms are eukaryotes true or false
Answer:
false
Explanation:
Answer:
True because they have a nucleus
Correctly identify the following labels on the plant and animal cells.
Answer:
А Plasma membrane (Cell membrane)
B Cell wall
C Cytoplasm
D Vacuole
E Nucleus
F Chloroplast
H Mitochondria
G No idea sorry
I endoplasmic reticulum
J Golgi apparatus
Explanation:
Sorry for G ask your teacher but this look like nothing
which property of water explains why it has all the other unique properties
The property of water explains that it has all the other unique properties is polarity.
What are the properties of water?
Water have many unique properties such as cohesion, polarity, surface tension, adhesion, high specific heat and the last one is evaporation cooling. Polarity shows that both the sides of water molecule is charged slightly and this is due to the reason that oxygen is more electronegative as compared to hydrogen.
Hydrogen bonds are responsible to hold the molecules of water combindly and surface tension is created due to cohesion. This is known as cohesion.
Therefore, property of water explains why it has all the other unique properties is polarity.
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Destruction of the rain forests will lead to global warming because:
What are "old growth" forests?
Forests that were planted by original peoples
Forests located in grasslands
Forests that have never been cut
Forests that burn easily
"Old growth" forests are the forests which have never been cut and is denoted as option C.
What is Forest?This is referred to as an area which has large population of trees present in the area and they form canopies thereby serving as a habitat for some forms of organisms.
The trees present in the ecosystem are referred to as the primary producers and they undergo photosynthesis to ensure that energy is available to other organisms. "Old growth" forests as the name implies is the type of forest which is very old and has reached its climax due to it not being cut.
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What happens when both left and right sternocleidomastoid muscles are contracted?.
This extension movement brings the head backward. A contraction of both SCM muscles can flex your neck, which brings your chin down in the direction of your breastbone. Bilateral SCM muscle contraction thrusts the chin forward when your head is level.