what are atoms and how are the subatomic particles diagrammed?

Freezing occurs when a liquid is cooled and turns to a solid. That's your answer.

A mutation that affects only the DNA sequence and not the amino acid sequence is known as a silent mutation. Introns, which are spliced off prior to translation, are susceptible to silent mutations.

Several mutagens, or compounds that alter the DNA sequence, can generate silent mutations, Mutations are caused by living things or processes that support life. For example, certain viruses insert copies of their genetic code into the DNA of their hosts. Silent mutations are typically not the outcome of such extensive change.

Chemical mutagens are chemicals that interact with DNA to chemically change the nucleotides.

Base analogues are substances that resemble nucleotide bases structurally. These may result in base-pair mismatches that are integrated into the DNA sequence of the mutation, leading to silent (and other) mutations.

High-energy radiation that physically alters or breaks the DNA strand is known as a physical mutagen.

Thymine dimers, which are created by UV exposure, disrupt DNA replication and cause further errors. Silent mutations are not usually produced by this.

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Answer:

I think it might be water balance or Homeostasis

In Ivan pavlov experiment food is the unconditioned stimulus and dogs salivating for food is the unconditioned stimulus.

What is unconditioned response stimulus?

In classical conditioning, an unconditioned response occurs naturally in reaction to unconditioned stimulus. For example smell of food is an unconditioned stimulus and feeling of hunger in response to smell is an unconditioned response.

Here Ivan pavlov conducted experiment with dogs which salivated in response to a bell ring. Pavlov fed the dog by ringing the bell each time, the dog learned to associate the sound with the presentation of food.

Pavlov noticed that the dogs physical reactions to food subtly changed over time. At first dogs would salivate only in the presence of food but after conducting experiment dogs gets addicted to the sound which was rang before it is fed with food.

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Increasing the salinity of the environment a little at a time until the ATP usage reaches a minimum additional investigation can be used to determine when the cells are in an isotonic solution.

Isotonic solutions are those that have the same amount of water and other solutes in them as the cytoplasm of a cell. Since there is no net gain or loss of water, placing cells in an isotonic solution will not cause them to either shrink or swell.

Cytoplasm- A viscous liquid termed cytoplasm, which is contained within the cell membrane, fills each cell. Water, salts, and proteins make up the majority of it. Eukaryotic cells are entirely enclosed within their cytoplasm, both inside and out.

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Answer:

homo erectus had a bigger brain than homo habilis and made more advanced stone tools

Explanation:

homo erectus was taller and more robust than homo species measuring about little over four feet.

Answer:

FALSE!

Explanation:

The more you anticipate and pre meditate ways to help this field of economical science, there is at least 1 or more ways to help this situation. We could help by doing research and doing community service dealign with this specific issue and help fix the problem community by community! hope this helps!

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Here we go ~

1. Two or more different atoms of an element chemically joined together

2. Two or more atoms of an element chemically joined together

3. Smallest object that retains the properties of an element

4. Contains carbon compounds or comes from a once living organism.

5. Does NOT contain carbon

Answer:

magnesium (c)is the important component of chlorophyll

Axial fibrils in the periplasmic region of a cell control the spirochete's screw-like movement through the septum cross.

Gram-negative, mobile, spiral bacteria with a length of 3 to 500 m (1 m = 0.001 mm) are known as spirochetes. Depending on the species, spirochetes can have 2 to more than 100 endocellular flagella (axial fibrils, or axial filaments) per organism. Spirochetes, such as the Borrelia, Treponema, and Leptospira species, have specialized flagella that are found in the periplasm. Spirochetes are a collection of six species of spiral-shaped, thin bacteria of varied length that swim ahead in a corkscrew-like motion thanks to the spinning of the periplasmic flagella. They either live freely or are attached to a host.

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Increases in a population's or a dispersed group's membership are referred to as population growth. Around 83 million people, or 1.1% of the world's population, are added every year.

Reason for increase in population:

Maternity rates:

The World Population Prospects research from the UN predicts a reduction in worldwide fertility from 2.5 children per woman in 2019 to 2.2 in 2050.

Extension of longevity:

Recent decades have seen a significant increase in life expectancy, and this trend is expected to continue: in 2050, it is predicted to reach 77.1 years (currently around 73).

Migration from abroad:

Although it has less of an impact than the first two, this component is nonetheless important. In fact, newcomers may have a longer life expectancy in those nations that took in large numbers of refugees or economic migrants (between 2010 and 2020, fourteen countries or regions had a net influx of more than one million).

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The organic part of the soil is made up of the dead plants. This is so that dead plants can be turned into mulch and earth, both of which are beneficial to new growth. This is the reason why compost is such a significant concern. It's because it's organic and excellent for plants.

A live organism that needs a microscope to be seen. Microorganisms include things like bacteria, fungi, algae, and protozoa. Viruses are not considered to be living organisms, yet they are sometimes classified as microorganisms.

Viruses, bacteria, archaea, fungus, and protists are the five main groups of microorganisms despite their truly remarkable diversity.

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Answer:

Environmental sustainability is responsibly interacting with the planet to maintain natural resources and not jeopardize the ability for future generations to meet their needs.

Explanation:

Environmental sustainability is responsibly interacting with the planet to maintain natural resources and not jeopardize the ability for future generations to meet their needs.

Answer:

Environmental sustainability is responsibly interacting with the planet to maintain natural resources and avoid jeopardizing the ability for future generations to meet their needs

Explanation:

Climate action: Acting now to stop global warming. Life below water: Avoiding the use of plastic bags to keep the oceans clean. Life on land: Planting trees to help protect the environment. Responsible consumption and production: Recycling items such as paper, plastic, glass and aluminum

In short, environmental sustainability states that the rates of renewable resource harvest, non-renewable resource depletion, and pollution assimilation can be naturally maintained indefinitely.

Environmental sustainability involves making decisions and taking action that are in the interests of protecting the natural world, with particular emphasis on preserving the capability of the environment to support human life.

The advantages of exoskeleton in snails and beetles is that exoskeleton in both snail and beetles has a hard covering which serves as a great defense

It however, also helps them to protect their inner organs such as kidney against injury.

The disadvantage of exoskeleton in both snail and beetles is that It doesn't allow them to stretch or expand

In order words, exoskeleton in both snail beetles and in most animals generally has a hard covering which serves as a great defense.

Exoskeleton can simply be defined as that skeleton which is found externally in the body animals.

In living organisms, there are three types of skeleton which is found generally in animals. These skeleton types are as follows:

So therefore, please be well informed that the advantages of exoskeleton in snails and beetles is that exoskeleton in both snail and beetles has a hard covering which serves as a great defense

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The R group is the portion of an amino acid that has the biggest impact on the overall structure of a protein.

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Spongiform encephalopathies are caused by infectious proteins, and this information indicates that the infectious agent is a prion because infectious proteins replicate by converting a normal cellular protein into multiple copies of the prion.

As we know, Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), commonly called spongiform encephalopathies which, is a progressive neurological disorder of cattle that results from infection by an unusual transmissible agent and it affects the brain and nervous system of animals.

Therefore, the presence of an infectious agent called prion on the surface of a normal protein cell makes it an abnormal prion cell, and this clump in the brain and causes brain damage. Gradually with time, it increases and makes the animal mad, and this is scientifically called a neurological disorder called Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs).

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A community that is fully developed and rich in biodiversity. Within this society, there are extensive and intricate food webs. A thick layer of dirt and hardwood trees are present is  Climax community

A climax community is the final ecological successional stage that a plant community may attain. Animal and plant succession occur at the same rate. When pioneer species have demonstrated that life is feasible in the region, more advanced plants and animals will move in and establish themselves as well. Climax communities arise because the local environment has allowed for ecological equilibrium to be attained, according to their presence. Climate conditions determine the kind of plant communities that may persist, leading to the complicated ecological relationships and vast variety of niches that are the distinguishing characteristics of a climax community. a natural environment where plant and animal populations are steady and get along well with one another and their surroundings. A climax community is the final stage of succession, and it exists until it is destroyed by a natural disaster or human activity. additional info at succession.

Examples include tropical, deciduous, and coniferous rain forests as well as deserts, tundra, grasslands, and grasslands. To ensure stability, a process known as succession is undertaken, in which relatively basic communities are replaced by more complex ones.

Therefore, grass may encroach into a sand deposit along a beach. In the humus that the grass has produced, oaks, pines, and other smaller plants establish themselves, displacing the grass and generating fresh, modified humus. Such soil subsequently produces maple and beech trees, which eventually displace the pine and oak trees to form a climax community. A range of new living forms can also be found in each subsequent community, with the climax community having the most variety.

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Bread wheat, Triticum aestivum is an allohexaploid that originated by hybridization between a cultivated tetraploid wheat(Triticum turgidum L.) and the wild goatgrass (Aegilops).

Approximately 20% of calories are consumed by humans which are provided by Allohexaploid bread wheat because highly similar bread wheat genomes (A, B, and D) and lack of genome sequence for the three homeologous have delayed the analysis of the grain transcriptome.

In the developing wheat grain to analyze the cell type of homeologous genes plus endosperm development, to identify distinct co-expression clusters reflecting the spatiotemporal progression,  unknown genome information was used. which led to the observation of that stage-dependent genome dominance and cell type, asymmetric expression in gene families, and the wheat genome into transcriptionally active chromosomal regions, are related to the baking quality.

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what is the what

Explanation:

It is simply the order in which these smaller molecules are arranged that differs among individuals

The four nucleotides included in mRNA, A, U, G, and C, can form a total of 64 distinct combinations due to the codons' three-letter structure. Of these 64 codons, 61 correspond to amino acids and the final three to stop signals that signal the completion of protein synthesis.

Most genes are the same in all people , but a smaller number of genes are slightly different between people. Alleles are forms of the same genes with small difference in their sequence of DNA bases.

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If you were given five new substances and were asked to describe them by their physical properties, the following listed below will be looked out for:

This is the type of features of the matter which can be measured without changing the chemical identity of it or the constituents.

Examples of physical properties include color, odor, boiling and melting points etc which are usually often seen or felt by individuals depending on the type of substance. This is therefore the reason why the above parameters will be considered in the case of the physical properties.

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SSU rRNA analysis

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus are members of the order Glomales and are difficult to distinguish by hyphal morphology. The fungus present in the host or soil may be effectively identified using PCR. On a few sequences of a variable region in the SSU rRNA gene, several of the primers that have been utilized were developed. We analyzed 51 partial Glo males SSU rRNA gene sequences from 33 glomalean isolates to confirm the specificity of primers of this kind that have been utilized in previous studies and to offer data for future primer design.

Each DNA was confirmed by phylogenetic studies in order to differentiate pollutants from the AM fungus (AMF). 39 species were represented in the 88 sequences from 58 isolates that were analyzed together with sequences from the EMBL database.

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Inference is what we draw from observations, whereas observation is what we perceive when something occurs. Hence they are interrelated.

Example from lab work:

Observation:

Inference:

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the nomenclature of cell death: recommendations of an ad hoc committee of the society of toxicologic pathologists*

In current years, there has been quite a few misunderstanding surrounding the terms "apoptosis" and "necrosis" in pathology.

The Society of Toxicologic Pathologists created the Committee at the Nomenclature of mobile demise in response to this situation, with the purpose of offering advice on a way to use the phrases "apoptosis" and "necrosis" in toxicity studies.

No of the way the cells perished, the Committee advises the usage of the term "necrosis" to explain findings containing lifeless cells in histological sections. when vital, it's far suggested to include the modifiers "apoptotic" and "oncotic" or "combined apoptotic and oncotic" to describe the principle morphological cell dying mechanism or pathways.

those may also be used at the side of other commonplace modifiers that describe the unfold and severity of the lesion.

Apoptotic, oncotic, or blended types of "person mobile necrosis" (every now and then known as "single cellular necrosis") might also arise. Oncotic necrosis is regularly described the use of greater conventional terminology like "coagulation necrosis," which has a similar that means.

Pathologists need to use language that as it should be and succinctly conveys the diploma of facts vital for the research. Toxicologic pathologists need to also actively make contributions to spreading the phrase about these guidelines among different biologists and regulatory bodies.

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Due to its anticoagulant qualities, dextran sulfate sodium (dss) decreases the formation of vascular cells.

Dextran sodium sulfate (DSS), a pharmacologic colitogen with anticoagulant characteristics, is used to elicit illness in the most used mouse model of colitis. DSS is a negatively charged, water-soluble sulfated polysaccharide with such a molecular weight range of 5 to 1400 kDa. The use of 40–50 kDa DSS in drinkable water causes the most severe mouse colitis, which most strongly matches human UC. Although the exact method by which DSS causes intestinal inflammation is unknown, it is most likely the outcome of damage to the large intestine's epithelial monolayer, which allows proinflammatory intestinal contents, such as bacteria and their products, to spread into underlying tissue.

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In order to make the conclusions more valid, the student could use a large number of snails.

The accuracy and validity of a research's findings are influenced by the size of the sample taken from the population of interest. The following method for calculating sample size to be selected during a research can be used to calculate the influence of sample size:

(Z - score)² × SD × (1 - SD) / ME² = Sample size

Where Z-score ⇒ confidence level

SD ⇒ Pre-determined standard deviation

ME ⇒ Margin of error.

The sample size has an inverse relationship with the margin of error. As a result, the error margin decreases as the sample size increases and vice versa.

By using more snail samples in each of the tanks, the student might have improved the validity of the research's findings.

Therefore, using a larger number of snails would improve the conclusion. This is because the quantity of snails tested raises the validity of a research report. The validity of the claim is higher and more credible if 10 snails rather than 5 are more active in warmer water.

Thus, option 4 is the right answer.

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A student performed an experiment to see if water temperature affects the level of activity in aquatic snails. The student set up four tanks with five snails in each tank. All four of the setups were identical in every way, except for the temperature of the water. In order to make the conclusions more valid, the student could:__________

(1) alter the pH of the water

(2) change the size of the tank

(3) carry out the experiment for a shorter period of time

(4) use a larger number of snails

According to the research, the correct option is A. Decreased blood pressure due to reduced resistance is a long term effect of regular exercise on the cardiovascular system.

Activities such as walking, jogging and swimming are some of the most common physical exercises, which are carried out frequently to preserve or optimize physical condition.

In this sense, it is recommended to strengthen the cardiovascular system with aerobic exercises that improves vascular responses by stimulating vasodilation and blood vessels increase their length and diameter thus lowering blood pressure.

Therefore, we can conclude that according to the research, the correct option is A. Decreased blood pressure due to reduced resistance is a long term effect of regular exercise on the cardiovascular system.

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Tay-Sachs sickness is resulting from a trouble in a infant's genes which means their nerves prevent running properly. A infant can handiest have it if each mother and father have this defective gene.

Ay–Sachs sickness is resulting from a genetic mutation withinside the HEXA gene on chromosome 15, which codes shape a subunit of the hexosaminidase enzyme called hexosaminidase . It is inherited from a person's mother and father in an autosomal recessive manner.As the sickness progresses, improvement slows and muscle tissue start to weaken.

Over time, this ends in seizures, imaginative and prescient and listening to loss, paralysis, and different fundamental issues. Children with this shape of Tay-Sachs sickness normally stay only some years.This circumstance is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern , because of this that each copies of the gene in every mobileular have variants.

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the autonomic (involuntary) nervous system controls the rate at which the heartbeats. sympathetic (fight or flight) signals speed up the heart’s rate while parasympathetic (rest and digest) signals slow it down. The part or parts of the heart that forms sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons form synapses is called cardiac plexus.

Cardiac plexus is a plexus of the nerves that are present at the base of the heart and is divided into superficial and deep part. The sympathetic and the parasympathetic nerves form synapses with heart in the form of cardiac plexus.

The sympathetic nerves are responsible for activating flight or fight mode while parasympathetic nerves are responsible for restoring the normal body state.

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