Lipids don't have monomers but their basic building blocks are fatty acids and glycerol.
Monomers, the smallest building blocks of macromolecules, are linked by covalent bonds to form bigger polymers. The polymer is more than the sum of its parts because it develops new properties.With the release of a water molecule, a monomer unites with another monomer to form a covalent bond.Since there is no base building block that is covalently linked to create the polypeptide, lipids lack monomers. Instead, lipids are made up of a variety of different building blocks that work together to form the polypeptide. These building blocks include glycerol, fatty acid chains, and phosphate groups, all of which are present in varying amounts and structures. For instance, a triglyceride is made up of glycerol and three fatty acid chains. However, some lipids, such as cholesterol, lack even these fundamental elements.Hence, lipids are made up of fatty acids and glycerol.
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Small-island developing states have long been at the forefront of demanding that countries that are industrially advanced and are largely responsible for the emissions that cause climate change must address the loss and damages that sids are encountering due to climate change. What is the current status of reparations for sids?.
(c) "Industrialized countries have not made a legally binding commitment to provide reparations to SIDS for their losses and damage" is the current status of reparations for sids.
Small island developing states (SIDS) are a special class of nations that contribute very little to the causes of climate change yet endure a disproportionate amount of its effects. For the foreseeable future, there are serious concerns about how vulnerable they are and how little they have to change.
This policy brief examines both the obstacles to adaptation and development, internal migration and displacement, sovereignty, and exclusive economic zones that SIDS face as a result of climate change, as well as the strategies they employ to advance their cause, such as monetary compensation claims and multilateral diplomacy.
The policy brief suggests a course of action that outlines potential political, legal, economic, and other approaches to resolving the SIDS' situation. In order to compensate SIDS for their losses and damage, industrialized nations have not established a legally enforceable promise to do so.
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Question correction:
Small-Island Developing States have long been at the forefront of demanding that countries that are industrially advanced and are largely responsible for the emissions that cause climate change must address the loss and damages that SIDS are encountering due to climate change. What is the current status of reparations for SIDS?
a. Industrialized countries have indicated that they do not believe that reparations for loss and damages are warranted.
b. After having legally committed to reparation commitments in the Paris Agreement, industrialized countries are 5 years into paying reparations.
c. Industrialized countries have not made a legally binding commitment to provide reparations to SIDS for their losses and damage.
d. Industrialized countries have made a legally binding commitment to provide reparations to SIDS for their losses and damage
What type of transport requires energy to carry a nutrient from outside the cell, through the cell membrane, and into the cell?.
Answer:
Active transport
Explanation:
Active transport regulare energy (ATP)
Which statements about Pangaea are true according to widely accepted theories? Check all that apply.
The statement that is true as per widely accepted theories is that the landmass of Pangaea split into separate continents over time. The correct option is B.
What is Pangaea theory?According to National Geographic, the Pangaea theory proposed that the tectonic plates that make up the planet's outer crust drifted over the inner layers until they merged as a landmass surrounded by a massive ocean called Panthalassa.
The existence of Pangea was first proposed by German meteorologist Alfred Wegener in 1912 as part of his theory of continental drift. Its identity is inferred from the Greek pangaia, which means "the entire Earth."
Thus, the correct option is B.
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Your question seems incomplete, the missing options are:
Pangaea existed two hundred thousand years ago.The landmass of Pangaea split into separate continents over time.Pangaea was discovered by Christopher Columbus.Pangaea was surrounded by the waters of the ocean.The coastline of Pangaea stayed consistent over time.1. Parasites live and feed on other creatures known as
Answer:pray
Explanation:
What structure in the hypothalamus receives information about light from the retina and routes it to structures of the brain that regulate biological rhythms?.
Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) receives information about light from the retina and routes it to structures of the brain that control biological rhythms.
The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is a cluster of hundreds of cells within the hypothalamus that receives information about light exposure directly from the eyes and controls your behavioral rhythm.
The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is a bilateral structure in the hypothalamus's anterior region. It is the principal pacemaker of the circadian timing system, regulating the majority of the body's circadian cycles. The SCN is served by a number of afferent neural pathways. The retinohypothalamic tract, which originates from photosensitive ganglion cells in the retina, is its main tract. Efferent projections from the suprachiasmatic nucleus innervate tissues such as the pineal gland, which produces melatonin to induce sleep throughout the night.
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What should the reader study to make inferences about the personality traits of people in a text? Check all that apply.
Answer: Action thoughts words
application of solid-state fermentation by microbial biotechnology for bioprocessing of agro-industrial wastes from 1970 to 2020: a review and bibliometric analysis
This paper reviews the pertinent literature from 1970 to 2020 and presents a bibliometric analysis of research trends in the application of solid-state fermentation in the bioprocessing of agro-industrial wastes.
What is agro-industrial wastes?Bioactive chemicals and nutrients abound in agro-industrial wastes and residues. As a result, they should be viewed as "raw material" rather than "wastes" for other industrial operations because such wastes have a variety of constituents, including proteins, carbohydrates, and minerals. As a result of the presence of such nutrients in these wastes, bacteria might flourish under favorable conditions. Through fermentation processes, the microbes may be able to utilise the waste as a source of new raw resources for growth.
In SSF methods for the creation of a variety of substantial useful compounds, the agro-industrial wastes can be utilized as a reliable support. Trash products from the agricultural and agro-based industries can lower production costs and contribute to waste recycling, which helps to protect the environment.
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Sun
Mon
30/86
Day of the week
High temp.
(CPF)
Forecast Sunny Partly cloudy Cloudy
Relative humidity 29%
90%
27.2/81
Tues
40%
Weds Thur
30/80 25.6/78 25.6/78
Rain
Fog
100%
100%
Fri
Partly cloudy Sunny
30%
OB. There will be a high level of air pressure on that day.
O C. There will be a low level of water vapor in the air on that day.
OD. There will be a high level of water vapor in the air on that day.
Sat
27.2/81 29.4/85
70%
The meteorologist talked about how humidity affects weather and then predicted the humidity for the next week. Knowing that the amount of humidity would affect the coming weather
what does the amount of humidity on Tuesday indicate?
● A. There will be a low level of air pressure on that day.
Answer:
Mostly Sunny then Isolated T-storms. High: 90 °F. Sunday Night. Sunday Night: Isolated showers and thunderstorms. Partly cloudy, with a low around 73. Tuesday Night: Partly cloudy, with a low around 44. Northwest wind 5 to. Partly Cloudy. Low: 44 °F. Wednesday. Wednesday: Mostly sunny, with Moderate. Weather: Partly sunny until 12 p.m., then mostly cloudy. A chance of showers and a slight chance of thunderstorms. Thunderstorm Potential: ok.
Explanation:
Prior to cell division, each chromosome must__13_. Each of these copies
is called a ___14___ and they are held together in an area called a ____15___
answer:
coiled/replicate, recombinant, centromere
Explanation:
What are the three
groups of
biodiversity?
A. bacteria, fungus, algae
B. species, ecosystems, genes
C. kingdoms, domains, DNA
D. individuals, living, non-living
Answer:
B. Species, ecosystems, genes
Exponential growth(diagram A) refers to the phenomena of populations that double in size every generation. If you start with a single bacterium cable of dividing every 20 minutes,how many bacteria would you have after just four hours
After four hours you would have about 4096 bacteria.
Since the bacteria undergoes exponential growth, After each generation the population number doubles in size.
Hence, at the end of first 20 minutes we will have two bacteria.
at the end of 40 minutes we have 4 bacteria and at the end of one hour we have 8 bacteria and so on.
since the bacteria undergoes binary fission, a simple way to calculate the total number of bacteria is to divide the 4 hours in parts of 20.
In four hours the bacteria multiplies 12 times
hence, 2^12=4096.
What is exponential growth?
The exponential phase of growth is a balanced growth pattern in which all the cells regularly divide by binary fission and increase in size by geometric progression. Depending on the make-up of the growth medium and the incubation circumstances, the cells divide at a consistent rate.
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What are the two reasons why we should study the history of biology?
to learn from past mistakes
to be able to study the solar system
to do better research papers
to be able to understand complex topics
We should study biology because to able to understand complex.
What are three advantages of studying ?The primary focus of biology research is life, first and foremost. Second, it offers a comprehensive, scientific explanation of how all living and nonliving organisms interact with one another. Third, it provides information about the variety of life forms.
Biology tell us about how we evolved , how the life came on earth , how our body performs functions and how we are able speak etc. So that is why it is important to study biology.
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In the electron-transport chain in chloroplasts, which molecule serves as the final electron acceptor?.
In the electron transport chain in chloroplasts, NADP+ is the molecule serves as the final electron acceptor.
Oxygen serves as the ultimate electron acceptor (O2). Since oxygen has a strong affinity for electrons and a high electronegativity, it is the perfect acceptor for low-energy electrons. With the help of the electrons, hydrogen is joined to oxygen to produce water, which is the end result.All green plants have a component inside their chloroplasts called chlorophyll, which captures sun energy and is utilised to create food. produces NADPH and molecular oxygen (O2) from water by photolysis.Instead, the thylakoid membrane—a third separate membrane that creates a series of flattened disclike sacs called the thylakoids—contains the electron-transport chains, photosynthetic light-capturing systems, and ATP synthase.To learn more about chloroplasts.
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What are the major characteristics of Coelenterata
HELPPPPPPPPP PLEASE WILL GIVE BRAINLIEST
- burn causes accumulation of cd11bf4/80 macrophages in periphery. expression of tlr2 and tlr4 increases in these macrophages early (3 days) after burn and decreases late (14 days). when tlr2 and 4 are ligated and macs are stimulated, there’s difference in cytokine expression profile, but it changes when either tlr2 or 4 are stimulated. (cairns 2008
After burn injury, complicated altered cytokine profiles are caused by toll-like receptor 2 and 4 ligation. Toll-like receptor TLR2 and TLR4, expressed on innate immune cells, are important mediators of the immune response to pathogens.
Background:
In this study, we hypothesized that burn injury would lead to altered cytokine secretion profiles following her TLR2 or TLR4 ligation, associated with changes in her TLR expression in innate immune cells.
METHODS:
Female C56BL/6 mice were subjected to full-thickness burns or sham wounds of her 20%. At 3 or 14 days after her injury, whole spleen cells or purified splenic macrophages were cultured with her TLR2 ligand peptidoglycan or her TLR4 ligand lipopolysaccharide.
Supernatants were tested for TNF-α, MCP-1, IL-6, and IL-10. Cell death was assessed using flow cytometry. CD11b F4/80 congenital macrophages were sorted 14 days after burn injury and TLR2 and 4 expression was determined by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and flow cytometry.
RESULTS:
Burn injury results in a stable accumulation of CD11bF4/80 macrophages in the periphery. Purified macrophages early after burn injury upregulated TLR2 and 4, followed by a decrease in TLR2 and TLR4 expression late after burn injury.
Equivalent numbers of TLR2 and TLR4 ligated purified macrophages 3 days after thermal injury revealed no significant difference in cytokine secretion compared to sham. Stimulation 14 days after burn injury showed a significant decrease in tumor necrosis factor-α secretion by macrophages compared to sham mice.
In contrast, in the late post-burn period, interleukin-10 was significantly increased (mean approximately 1.8-fold) after either TLR2 or TLR4 stimulation. Interleukin-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 secretion were unchanged from sham levels.
In contrast, stimulation of whole splenocytes increased cytokines 3 and 14 days after burn injury. This effect may be caused by the accumulation of His TLR macrophages, which are resistant to TLR-induced cell death.
CONCLUSIONS:
Cytokine secretion profiles after TLR2 and TLR4 ligation after burn injury are altered in ways that do not clearly reflect anti- or pro-inflammatory states and are associated with intrinsic changes in populations. TLR2 and TLR4 ligation play complex and diverse roles in mediating the immune response to burn injury.
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Name two properties that may make it difficult for a molecule to cross the lipid bilayer without help.
Hydrophilicity and large size are the two properties that does not allow a molecule to cross the lipid bilayer without help.
Hydrophilicity is the property of loving water. The molecules that can easily interact with water are called hydrophilic. These are generally the polar molecules. The phosphate head of the lipid bilayer is also hydrophilic. Other examples are: alcohol, ammonia, urea, etc.
Lipid bilayer is the plasma membrane that surrounds the cells. It consists of two leaflets of lipids with their tails facing each other and the hydrophilic heads interacting with the outer environment. The lipid bilayer can also form liposomes apart from the cell membrane.
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Name two properties that may make it difficult for a molecule to cross the lipid bilayer without help.
The properties are the size of the molecules and charge of large polar molecules
What characteristic of the cell membranWhate permits some molecules to flow through easily but not others?The primary characteristic of the cell membrane is selective permeability, which refers to the fact that some substances can easily penetrate it but not others. Small molecules that are nonpolar (have no charge) can diffuse over the membrane with ease, whereas ions and bigger molecules usually cannot.
The size and charge of large polar molecules makes it too difficult to pass through the non polar region of the phospholipid membrane without help from transport proteins.
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Saturated and unsaturated fats differ from each other in what important structural way?.
Differ from each other are saturated fats have the maximum number of hydrogens possible, while unsaturated fats have a double bond between two of the carbons.
The ideal number of bonds for a carbon is four.Each carbon atom in saturated fats is linked to four hydrogen atoms. It has a straight structure as a result, allowing them to stack on top of one another. They are solid at normal temperature so they can stack. As a result, they can clog your arteries because they are solid in your body.Carbon in unsaturated fats forms a double bond with another carbon. Since the molecule has a bent structure due to the double bond, it can't stack on top of itself and is liquid at ambient temperature. These fats are better for you.To learn more about fats.
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what is the study of meteors and comets
There is a growing segment of people who want food that tastes good and is also good for them. This healthy-living segment represents which segmentation base?.
which property of water explains why it has all the other unique properties
The property of water explains that it has all the other unique properties is polarity.
What are the properties of water?
Water have many unique properties such as cohesion, polarity, surface tension, adhesion, high specific heat and the last one is evaporation cooling. Polarity shows that both the sides of water molecule is charged slightly and this is due to the reason that oxygen is more electronegative as compared to hydrogen.
Hydrogen bonds are responsible to hold the molecules of water combindly and surface tension is created due to cohesion. This is known as cohesion.
Therefore, property of water explains why it has all the other unique properties is polarity.
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Multicellular organisms are eukaryotes true or false
Answer:
false
Explanation:
Answer:
True because they have a nucleus
pharmacokinetics and in vivo chemosuppressive activity studies on cryptolepine hydrochloride and cryptolepine hydrochloride-loaded gelatine nanoformulation designed for parenteral administration for the treatment of malaria
The primary goal of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetics profile of the medication free in solution with that of the parenterally administered, gelatine nanoparticles (CHN) containing cryptolepine hydrochloride for the treatment of malaria (CHS).
Via giving CHN or CHS (equal to 10 mg/kg of medication) by IV bolus injection into the lateral tail vein, single-dose pharmacokinetics was studied in Wistar rats. After delivery, the drug's plasma concentration was observed for 24 hours. In Wistar rats given a P.
berghei parasite challenge, chemopresor activity was examined. The intraperitoneal injection of either CHN or CHS at a dosage of 2.5–100 mg/kg/day was administered to the animals.
Giemsa-stained thin blood smears obtained on day four of infection were examined by light microscopy to gauge the amount of parasitaemia. It was discovered that CHN achieved a greater area under the curve (AUC (0-24)) compared to H CHS (by 4.5-folds).owever, CHS created a greater amount of dispersion (4-folds).
CHS had a lower (11.7 h) elimination half-life than CHN because of increased distribution and elimination rates (21.85 h). In comparison to CHS, CHN had greater chemosuppressive efficacy at all dosage levels due to its improved pharmacokinetic profile.
The molecule with the greatest chemosuppression (97.89 3.10) generated by 100 mg/kg of cryptolepine hydrochloride was loaded into gelatine nanoparticles, which enhanced both pharmacokinetics and in vivo antiplasmodial efficacy.
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A 1.8 g potato core is submerged in sugar water. When it is removed, its mass is 1.6 g. What is the
percentage loss of the potato's mass? Round your answer to the nearest hundredth of a percent.
The percentage loss of the potato's mass is 11.111 % when rounded-off to the nearest hundredth of a percent.
The potato core weighing 1.8 g is submerged in sugar water and after removing it from the water, its mass becomes 1.6g. Therefore, the percentage loss of the potato's mass can be determined by the following calculation:-
(1.8 - 1.6) / 1.8 x 100 = 0.2 / 1.8 x 100 = 11.111 % (rounded-off to the nearest hundredth of a percent)
This loss in potato's mass happens due to exosmosis through which water escapes from the potato into the sugar water.
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I need to know what’s the placement of these things for my Science class
Given below is the explanation of a model depicting how food changes during the process of digestion and exercise:
Food digestion occurs in the stomach and the intestines.Matter from the food is broken down by chemical reactions.This results in energy.Exercise takes place in the muscle cells.Matter from the food is built up by physical changes.This results in carbon dioxide production due to anaerobic respiration in the muscles that leads to the accumulation of lactic acid.In order to be absorbed into the watery blood plasma, large, insoluble food molecules must be broken down into smaller, water-soluble food molecules during digestion. These tiny molecules enter the bloodstream through the small intestine in some organisms.Ingestion, propulsion, mechanical or physical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption, and feces are the six steps in the digestion process.Exercise is a type of physical activity that improves or maintains overall health and wellness as well as physical fitness.It is done for a variety of objectives, such to promote strength and growth, build muscles and the cardiovascular system, refine athletic abilities, lose or maintain weight, enhance health, or just for fun.Learn more about digestion here:
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please help me on this science question
Answer:
what is the question?
Explanation:
please send the photo or write the question directly
Surface currents are a result of: (Check all that apply.)
The salinity level
Global wind patterns
Shape of ocean basins
Earth's rotation
Surface currents are a result of global wind patterns and the earth's rotation. The correct options are B and D.
What are surface currents?Surface currents are heat current that travels from one direction to another direction in the whole world. They move heat currents from tropic to polar regions.
These currents are caused by three reasons, these reasons are rotation of the earth, the global wind system, and the position of landforms. The gulf of the stream brings warm water to the eastern coast.
Thus, the correct options are B, Global wind patterns, and D, Earth's rotation.
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Which is an example of Gram-positive bacteria
Answer:
Streptococci are Gram-positive
For an enzyme to catalyze a reaction there must be a specific fit between the __________ and the enzyme's __________.
Answer:
1 Substrate
2 Active center