We have 4.25 fold-purification of target protein.
Protein purification is a set of procedures designed to separate one or more proteins from a complicated mixture, often cells, organs, or whole organisms. Protein purification is essential for determining the function, structure, and relationships of a protein of interest. The number of times a protein preparation is enriched for the protein being purified is referred to as fold purification. If a protein concentration is 2nM before purification and 20nM after purification, the fold purification is twenty-fold.
Initial protein activity = 100 units
% change in protein activity = 15%
Final protein activity = 85%
Initial total protein = 100 grams
% change in total protein =80%
Final total protein = 20%
Fold purification = final protein activity / total protein
=85/20
= 4.25
Therefore, we have 4.25 fold-purification of target protein
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Several different kinds of bonds or interactions are involved in generating and maintaining the structure of proteins. True or false?.
Several different kinds of bonds or interactions are involved in generating and maintaining the structure of proteins is true.
A protein's main building block is a chain of linked amino acids. Peptide bonds are used to connect amino acids.A peptide bond is a sort of covalent link that connects an amino acid's carboxyl group to its amino group.The protein's overall structure consists of alpha helices (green) and beta sheets (red). The folding and intramolecular bonding of the linear amino acid chain, which ultimately creates the protein's distinctive three-dimensional shape, are driven by the main structure of a protein, its amino acid sequence. The structure of a protein enables it to function.To learn more about structure of proteins.
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male productive system
5 parts:
descriptions:
functions:
female productive system
5 parts:
descriptions:
functions:
Phallus, scrotum, urethra, seminal vesicles, and testicles form parts of a male productive/reproductive system while the uterus, vagina, ovaries, cervix, and fallopian tubes form parts of a female productive/reproductive system.
Parts of the male reproductive system with their descriptions and functions
Phallus is an external part of the male reproductive system and it is the easiest part used to identify a male child. It is cone-shaped as it is thicker moving towards the base. It helps the body to pass out urine and it also plays a major role in copulation.Scrotum is also an external part of the male reproductive system located below the phallus. The scrotum houses the testicles keeping the temperature lower than that of the body.Urethra is a tube that works as an internal male reproductive system that nourishes the sperm and aids ejaculation. Seminal vesicles are like pouches located behind the bladder. They play a major role in sperm movement. Testicles are two oval-shaped glands and are considered one of the most important parts of the male reproductive organ. They primarily produce sperms.Parts of the female reproductive system with their descriptions and functions
Uterus also known as the womb, is located in the lower abdomen of the female reproductive system. It has a primary assignment of allowing implantation, nourishment, and protection of the fetus.Vagina starts the external part of the female reproductive system linking to the uterus. It aids copulation while being responsible for the passage of the fetus during childbirth.Ovaries are in pairs like the testicles in males. They are located in the region of the uterus with a primary function of egg production. Cervix acts play a major role before, during, and after pregnancy. It serves as a guard to the uterus which sperm can travel through to fertilize eggs and it also contributes to the process of childbirth. Fallopian tubes are found in the lower abdomen of the female reproductive system. It transports fertilized eggs from the ovary to the uterus for implantation.In summary, sexual reproduction would not be possible without the male and female reproductive systems.
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many bacterial communities secrete polysaccharides and other hydrophilic polymers. this mesh-like accumulation can help protect the bacteria growing within from antibiotics or disinfectants.
The mesh-like accumulation of polysaccharides and other hydrophilic polymers that helps protect the bacteria growing within from antibiotics or disinfectants form communities called biofilms.
Disinfectants are the chemical agents that can destroy the bacteria and other small insects. Disinfectants are generally in liquid form and are used in daily cleaning of households or commercial places. Disinfectants are classified into two groups: oxidizing and non-oxidizing.
Biofilms are the accumulation of microorganism of one or several types that form layer like structure. These layers can be inside any living organisms or on any inanimate surface. For example, dental plaque is a biofilm of bacteria on the teeth.
The question is incomplete, the complete question is:
Many bacterial communities secrete polysaccharides and other hydrophilic polymers. This mesh-like accumulation can help protect the bacteria growing within from antibiotics or disinfectants. These communities are called _______.
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PLEASE HELP 100 POINTS
Random mutations can cause all kinds of genetic changes to an organism. For example one bug might have extra legs due to a mutation. Will this trait be likely to be passed on to future generations?
YES OR NO
Answer:
the answers is yes
Explanation:
because it changes the genetic code, and genetic code is the genes and they define who you are amd wat u look like
PLEASE HELP WILL GIVE BRAINLIEST
Sustainability means developing practices that protect the environment while also providing for human needs. Which of the following changes would be most helpful in achieving sustainable agriculture?
Clearing land for agriculture by cutting down trees instead of burning them
Rotating crops to replenish the soil with nutrients
Tilling the ground to remove weeds and create uniform crops
Growing crops that produce only renewable resources
The change that would be most helpful in achieving sustainable agriculture is rotating crops to replenish the soil with nutrients (Option 2 is correct).
What is sustainable agriculture?Sustainable agriculture is a type of agricultural practice that allows the renovation of renewable resources. This procedure can be maintained over a longer period of time without the need to incorporate new material into the soil, which is achieved by rotating crops and thus replenishing the soil with more nutrients.
In conclusion, sustainable agriculture is associated with the rotation of plant crops, which helps to reload the soil with nutrients and thus new crops can grow in different seasons (Option 2).
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What happens to the atoms in the
reactants during a chemical reaction
Atoms in the reactants break bonds with one another in a chemical reaction, rearrange, and form new bonds to make the products.
What is a chemical reaction?In a chemical reaction, one or more substances—also known as reactants—are changed into one or more additional substances—also known as products. Chemical elements or chemical compounds make up substances.
How are chemical reactions categorized?There are several different types of chemical reactions, including acid-base interactions, exchange reactions, condensation processes and their opposites, cleavage reactions, and oxidation-reduction (or redox) reactions. Atoms in compounds are given oxidation statuses to keep track of electrons in chemical reactions.
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If gtp hydrolysis occurs on a tubulin molecule at the plus end of a microtubule protofilament before another tubulin molecule is added, what typically happens?.
The microtubule depolymerizes will happen when gtp hydrolysis occurs on a tubulin molecule at the plus end of a microtubule protofilament before another tubulin molecule is added.
Microtubules provide a variety of purposes. For instance, they are crucial parts of cilia and flagella and provide the structured, rigid components of the cytoskeleton that provide shape to many cells (cellular locomotory projections). During cell division, they take role in the development of the spindle (mitosis).
The ATP-driven microtubule motor enzymes known as kinesins transform the chemical energy of ATP hydrolysis into mechanical work along microtubule pathways.
The separation of chromosomes during mitosis depends on microtubule depolymerization, which also aids in the placement of the yeast mitotic spindle. Dynein and kinesin, two molecular motors that are connected to microtubules, have crucial functions as well.
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Develop a multimedia presentation that summarizes the thesis and main points of your research paper on animal intelligence.
1. The presentation slides can be created using presentation software.
2. The presentation should include charts, graphs, video clips, animations, and/or audio clips.
3. The presentation should support a scripted oral presentation where you explain your thesis, or argument. Each presentation slide should include one subtopic and supporting details.
4. The end of the presentation should include an MLA-formatted list of sources (for the text and the visuals). MLA citations are required.
5. Use eye contact, gestures, and an appropriate tone.
6. Use language appropriate to the topic and audience.
7. Follow your teacher's guidelines for sharing the presentation.
The mental abilities of non-human animals, such as insect cognition, are included in the category of animal cognition. Comparative psychology was the foundation for the study of animal learning and conditioning that is applied in this discipline.
Animal cognition have shown evidence of cognitive skills like causal and logical reasoning, mirror self-recognition, deceit, symbolic communication, foresight, tool creation, and tool usage. The different ways that nonhuman animals can use animal cognition and learning mechanisms to address challenges in their surroundings. Although many animals possess unique cognitive skills that help them thrive in their unique settings, they do not frequently find solutions to new issues. Of course, some of them do, and we refer to them as intellectual, but none of them are as witty as we are. Chimpanzees are the closest surviving cousins to us, so it makes sense that they would rank among the most intelligent creatures in Animal cognition.
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Multimedia presentation that summarizes the thesis and main points of our research paper on animal intelligence can be made by including following points :
Intelligence is one of the characteristic features of being human and it comes in various forms. For example, there’s verbal-linguistic intelligence which is also known as communicative ability, spatial intelligence which is basically the ability to observe the world with the mind’s eye , logical-mathematical intelligence which is basically the ability to solve mathematical problems and emotional intelligence is known to be the ability to identify and manage your own emotions and the emotions of others. There are also many other types of intelligence which, in the process of understanding the workings of the human mind, we have tried to disentangle and define.
When we talk of Animal Intelligence, we talk in quite different terms. The study of animal intelligence has a long history. Ever since Darwin’s book titled as the Origin of Species was published, scientists have attempted to understand how animals think, comparing and contrasting this with human thought.
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What's My Job? Assign an organelle to each job. Use the word bank provided.
Word Bank
cell membrane
cell wall
centrioles
chloroplast
cytoplasm
cytoskeleton
Golgi aparatus?
endoplasmic reticulum
Organelle
10. chloroplast
11. Cell Membrane
12.
lysosome
mitochondria
nucleus
ribosome
vacuole
vesicle
Job Description
cafeteria - provides food to feed the workers
entrance security-checks who enters & exits the building
machines - manufactures goods that will be sold
holding area-storage room holds goods coming into & leaving company
CEO in charge of all aspects of company
13. Vacuole
14. Nucleus
15. endoplasmic reticelevators & hallways-where people & goods travel
16.
floor of the building - where all the action takes place
17. Ribosomes
18.
19.
20.
21. Cell Wall
22. LYSo Some
23.
secretary-organizes paperwork to expand company w/ more franchises
steel frame & inside walls of building - gives building its shape
packages- of goods that are ready to be sold
power generator - provides electricity to run machines
outside walls of building-protects goods from being stolen
shredder-breaks down large pieces of trash from creating goods
post office-packs & prepares goods to be sold
Answer:
Cell Membrane- Entrance security- checks who enters and exits the building
Cell Wall- Outside walls of building- protects goods from being stolen
Centrioles- Steel frame and inside walls of building- gives building its shape
Chloroplast- Cafeteria- provides food to feed the workers
Cytoplasm- Floor of the building- where all the action takes place
Golgi Apparatus- Packages- goods that are ready to be sold
Endoplasmic Reticulum- Elevators and Hallways- where people and goods travel
Lysosome- Shredder- breaks down large pieces of trash from creating goods
(the) Mitochondria (is the powerhouse of the cell)- Power generator- provides electricity to run machines
Nucleus- CEO- in charge of all aspects of the company
Ribosome- Secretary- Organizes paperwork to expand the company w/ more franchises
Vacuole- Holding area- storage room holds goods coming into and leaving the company
Vesicle- Post office- packs and prepares goods to be sold
A cat food company wants to know if a new hairball formula food will affect the g
amount of hairballs produced by long haired cats. A study is done with 80 long haired cats. Group A gets the new food. Group B gets regular food. Both groups are given the food for 4 weeks. The amount of hairballs produced in each group is counted. Both groups get the same amount of water, exercise, cage conditions and brushing.
Independent variable:
Constants/controlled variables:
Control group:
What is the hypothesis?
Dependent variable:
Experimental group:
Answer: Give your cat a specialized “hairball formula” cat food. Many pet food manufacturers now make hairball-reduction cat foods. These high-fiber
Explanation:
What is the best college in either Alabama, Georgia, or Florida to get a zoology, animal science, or animal behavior degree?
Answer:
It's difficult to beat Auburn University if you wish to pursue a degree in animal science. Auburn is a fairly large public university located in the small city of Auburn. A Best Schools rank of #216 out of 2,576 schools nationwide means Auburn is a great university overall.
There were about 111 animal science students who graduated with this degree at Auburn in the most recent data year. Degree recipients from the animal science major at Auburn University earn $8,300 more than the standard college graduate with the same degree shortly after graduation.
Explanation:
Specialized cells such as white blood cells interact with foreign particles in the body. A particular cell belonging to this category recognizes bacteria and forms a covering around it, pinching off the vacuole. The cell then performs
. The foreign particles recognized by the particular type of cells differ from the ones recognized by another type of white blood cell. This situation indicates that the receptors are
The endocytosis and the receptors are specific for the cells.
The immune system's special white blood cells are those. They play a crucial role in protecting the body from outside threats like germs. They locate the bacteria in order to accomplish this and create an envelope around it, pinching off the vacuole. This enables the cell to engage in a process known as endocytosis.
The white blood cells have highly special receptors that help them recognize certain foreign particles. For example, B cells produce antibodies that interact with particular antigens to trigger a particular immune response. Alternately, it could be claimed that a particular foreign substance is recognized by a distinct white blood cell, demonstrating the individuality of these cells' receptors.
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9. How do viruses such as HIV enter an animal cell?
רוו.
Answer: it first attaches to and fuses with the host cell.
Explanation:
Retroviruses also have the enzyme reverse transcriptase, which allows it to copy RNA into DNA and use that DNA "copy" to infect human, or host, cells. When HIV infects a cell
so the answer is that it first attaches to and fuses with the host cell.
Jeffrey is experiencing extreme pain in his belly. He goes to the doctor who
examines his abdominal region. Jeff points to an area underneath his ribcage, towards
the midline of his body. The doctor decides his is originating from his stomach. Identify
the abdominal region defined by Jeffrey and his doctor.
According to research, the correct answer is epigastric region. By the description given by Jeffrey and his doctor, the abdominal region is the epigastric which is located underneath his ribcage.
What is the epigastric region?It is the abdominal region located below the costal margin, in the central area of the abdomen, above the navel and is the characteristic location of gastroduodenal pathology.
In this sense, given that it is the region located in the anterior, upper and the midline of the abdomen, the signs of digestive and extradigestive diseases in this region underneath his ribcage include:
Pain in the bellyHeartburnStomach swellingThus, we can conclude that according to the research, the correct abdominal region defined by Jeffrey and his doctor is epigastric region which is located underneath his ribcage, towards the midline of his body.
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The organelles that are both surrounded by a double membrane, have their own dna, are involved in energy metabolism, and have their own protein synthesis machinery are the.
The organelles that are both surrounded by a double membrane, have their own DNA, are involved in energy metabolism, and have their own protein synthesis machinery are Mitochondria, and Chloroplast.
Mitochondria- The majority of the chemical energy required to drive a cell's metabolic operations is produced by mitochondria, which are membrane-bound cell organelles (mitochondrion, singular). Adenosine triphosphate, a tiny molecule, serves as a storage container for the chemical energy generated by the mitochondria (ATP).
Chloroplast- Organelles found in plant cells called chloroplasts use the photosynthetic process to change energy from the sun into reasonably stable chemical energy. They maintain life on Earth in this way.
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a - an informed conjecture of what might be true b - coherent body of interconnected statements, based on reasoning and evidence, that explain a variety of observations c - change over time in the proportions of individuals in a population that differ genetically in one or more traits d - all species (living and extinct), have descended from one or a few original forms of life e - features that appear designed to fit organisms to their environment f - individuals of a population with superior features survive and reproduce more successfully than individuals with inferior features g - reconciliation of darwinian evolution with the facts of mendelian genetics h - hypothesis attributed to lamarck suggesting that traits acquired during an individual's lifetime are inherited i - a group of organisms that interact ecologically and reproductively more often than with members of other groups of the same species j - a taxonomic group whose members are all derived from a common ancestor
Answers to the questions asked in order respectively:
a. hypothesis b. scientific theory
c. populations change d. descent with modification
e. Adaptation f. Directional Selection
g. Neo-Darwinism h. acquired traits are inheritable
i. Demes j. Taxon
a.an informed conjecture of what might be true :
hypothesis
b - coherent body of interconnected statements, based on reasoning and evidence, that explain a variety of observations:
scientific theory
c - change over time in the proportions of individuals in a population that differ genetically in one or more traits:
populations change
d - all species (living and extinct), have descended from one or a few original forms of life :
descent with modification
e - features that appear designed to fit organisms to their environment:
Adaptation
f - individuals of a population with superior features survive and reproduce more successfully than individuals with inferior features :
Directional Selection
g - reconciliation of darwinian evolution with the facts of mendelian genetics:
Neo-Darwinism
h - hypothesis attributed to lamarck suggesting that traits acquired during an individual's lifetime are inherited :
acquired traits are inheritable
i - a group of organisms that interact ecologically and reproductively more often than with members of other groups of the same species:
Demes
j - a taxonomic group whose members are all derived from a common ancestor:
Taxon
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The organelle responsible for the biosynthesis of proteins that are destined for secretion by the cell is the.
Answer:
the ER
Explanation:
The organelle responsible for the biosynthesis of proteins that are destined for secretion by the cell is the Endoplasmic reticulum.
Thus, The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the organelle in charge of the production of proteins that are intended for cell secretion. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) and the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) are the two areas of the ER that are involved in protein production and secretion.
Under a microscope, the RER appears "rough" because it is covered in ribosomes. These ribosomes create proteins that are either intended for secretion or insertion into the ER membrane.
As the proteins are being created, they move into the ER lumen, where they go through a number of changes, including folding, glycosylation (the addition of sugar molecules), and disulfide bond formation.
Thus, The organelle responsible for the biosynthesis of proteins that are destined for secretion by the cell is the Endoplasmic reticulum.
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85
The photograph shows a cross-section of a root.
The root hair and the xylem are part of the same
A cell and organism.
B
cell and tissue.
C
D tissue and organ.
organ and organism.
The correction option is D. organ and organism
Considering the plant as a whole to be an organism, it's organs would include stem, roots, leaves and flowers. These structures are further made up of different kinds of tissues depending on the function they need to perform. In the given cross-section of root, which is an organ, we can see a centralized tissue which is Xylem and the peripheral hair-like cells known as root hair or trichomes. Single epidermal cell extensions known as root hairs increase the root surface area in contact with soil water.Xylem is a complex tissue whereas root hair or trichome is a cell.Xylem is a part of the vascular tissue system of the plants which also consists of phloem. The function of xylem is conduction of water and minerals and that of phloem is conduction of sugars through the plants.Therefore, all the other options are incorrect except D. organ and organism.
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The change in the actual air temperature as you go up into the atmosphere is called:______.
Answer:expand
Explanation:
Got it right in a quiz
True or False: The Law of Conservation of Mass states:
Matter cannot be created nor destroyed in any physical or chemical process.
The matter is just rearranged.
The mass of the reactants is not equal to the mass of the products.
The proteins that establish ionic gradients are called:____.
a. passive transporters.
b. active transporters.
c. voltage-gated ion channels.
d. ligand-gated ion channels.
e. permeability transition pores.
The proteins that establish ionic gradients are called active transporters.
So, option (a) is correct.
An example of a transport protein is a channel protein, which functions as a pore in the membrane to allow water molecules or tiny ions to pass through fast. Although they can also undertake passive transport, carrier proteins can perform active transport. For instance, valinomycin passively moves potassium down its gradient of concentration. Because it is extremely selective and solely transports potassium ions, it is utilised in place of a channel.The sodium potassium pump is a prime illustration of a carrier protein. Three sodium ions are removed from the cell and two potassium ions are brought into the cell using this carrier protein and ATP.To learn more about active transporters.
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Fingerprints and footprints in the epidermis are created by dermal papillae present in the ________.
Fingerprints as well as footprints in the epidermis are created by dermal papillae found in the papillary layer of the dermis.
Dermis is composed of two layers, i.e. a papillary layer and a reticular layer. The papillary layer has a rich supply of capillaries. It is the superficial layer of the dermis and contains projections which are known as dermal papillae.
The dermal papillae in the palm region of the hand, sole region of the foot as well as fingertip region are present in parallel, curved ridges which are responsible for the creation of fingerprints and footprints in the epidermis.
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lactobacillus in yogurt, some escherichia coli in the intestines of humans and animals, and rhizobium that fixes atmosphere nitrogen are all considered beneficial bacteria.
Lactobacillus in yogurt, some escherichia coli in the intestines of humans and animals, and rhizobium that fixes atmosphere nitrogen are all considered beneficial bacteria is true.
The health benefits of yoghurt, which is made when milk is fermented by the bacteria Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus, have been known for a very long time. Researchers have concentrated on the scientifically proven effect of yoghurt cultures alone on gut metabolism in a few papers. Yogurt bacteria have been demonstrated to impact intestinal transit time, boost the gut immune system, and improve lactose digestion in lactose intolerant people, while some authors were unable to support these findings. Researchers have also looked at the immunological and genetic underpinnings of the immunostimulatory characteristics of yoghurt starters.Live microorganisms that, when given in sufficient quantities, boost the host's health are known as probiotics.To learn more about Lactobacillus.
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When purified cytochrome oxidase is exposed to cyanide, the cyanide binds reversibly and with high affinity to the enzyme’s active site. What will be the likely outcome if mitochondria are exposed to high levels of cyanide?.
The cyanide will prevent movement of electrons along the electron transport chain in the mitochondria.
Cyanide inhibits the enzyme cytochrome C oxidase, often known as Complex IV, an important complex in the electron transport chain. Cyanide essentially stops the passage of electrons across the chain by blocking this complex. As a result, protons cannot be pushed from the matrix to the intermembranous area, and so no proton gradient can be created. The electrons are received by oxygen, the final acceptor, in the fourth protein complex.
The oxygen with its additional electrons subsequently joins with two hydrogen ions to make water, further strengthening the electrochemical gradient. If the mitochondrion lacked oxygen, electrons could not be extracted from the system, and without a proton gradient, protons will not flow through ATP synthase, resulting in no ATP production.
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For which specimen would using a depression slide instead of a regular slide with a coverslip be more useful due to this organism's shape and lifestyle.
Living Organism specimen would using a depression slide instead of a regular slide with a coverslip be more useful due to this organism's shape and lifestyle.
Depression Slide- Microscopically depressed Living microbes in a hanging drop are examined on slides. The depression is 0.8 mm in depth and 15 mm in diameter. Slide is 1.0 mm thick and 25 X 75 mm wide.
Microbes- Microbes are extremely minute living entities that are all around us and are invisible to the unaided eye. They are aquatic, terrestrial, and avian organisms. Millions of these bacteria, which are also referred to as microorganisms, reside in the human body. While certain microorganisms make us ill, others are vital to our wellbeing.
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The net movement of molecules from a region where their initial concentration is higher to a region where their initial concentration is lower is called.
Diffusion is the process in which net movement of molecules is from high regio to lower region.
What are the types of diffusion?The three types of diffusion are osmosis, assisted diffusion, and simple diffusion.
1)Ions or molecules simply disperse when they move from one location of high concentration to another area of low concentration.
(ii) In osmosis, water molecules are the particles that are moving. They travel over a semi-permeable barrier from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration.
The passage of hydrophilic ions or molecules over the plasma membrane is referred to as facilitated diffusion (iii). The distinction is that transport proteins help the diffusion (i.e. carrier proteins or pore proteins).
Diffusion helps in transportation of molecules.
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Which of the following is characterized by a group of abnormal body cells that suddenly begin to
undergo cell division at a very rapid rate?
O
Cancer
Hemophilia
Arthritis
Albinism
Answer:
cancer
hope it helps......
The sum of genetic information (alleles) across all individuals in a population at any one time is called the:______.
The sum of genetic information (alleles) across all individuals in a population at any one time is called the Gene Pool.
Gene Pool- A population of a certain species' gene pool is made up of several genes, both expressed and unexpressed. This might be any population under consideration, such as pond frogs, forest trees, etc.
Allele- At a certain genomic region, an alleles represents one of two or more variations of the DNA sequence (the single base or even a segment of nucleotides). For each genomic region with such variation, a person inherits two different alleles, one from every parent. The person is homozygous for the allele if the two copies are the same.
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At a chemical synapse, the action of the neurotransmitter is determined by the ligand-gated receptor on the postsynaptic cell. True or false?.
It is true that at a chemical synapse, the action of the neurotransmitter is determined by the ligand-gated receptor on the postsynaptic cell.
Neurotransmitters are the signaling molecule that are released to create a synaptic signal between two neurons. They can also be called ligands in simple terms. The neurotransmitter could ne excitatory or inhibitory. The examples are: glutamate, GABA, acetylcholine, etc.
Ligand-gated receptors are those that function only when a specific ligand binds to them. The ligand they bind to can show its effect only when such receptors are present, otherwise the signaling does not take place. They are also called ionotropic receptors.
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Calculate the expected percent increase in industrial electricity use between 2010 and 2020. Round your answer to the nearest whole percentage.
The US is one of the most industrialized nations in the world. In 2021, the industrial sector was responsible for 33% of all US energy consumption and 35% of all US end-use energy. 1
Energy sources are widely used in industry.
The industrial sector in the United States employs a range of energy sources, such as:
Hydrocarbon gas liquids (HGLs), such as distillate and residual fuel oils, petroleum, and electricity
Renewable resources, mostly biomass like pulping liquids (also known as "black liquor"), other papermaking waste products, and waste products from forestry, agriculture, and lumber milling
both coal and coal tar In 2018, coal accounted for 7% of the total manufacturing energy feedstock utilized, with primary metals manufacturers using the majority of it (for the production of iron and steel) to make primary metals, and petroleum and coal products manufacturers using the balance. Other feedstocks included coke, breeze, petroleum products including bitumen, lubricants, waxes, and petrochemicals, as well as residual and distillate fuel oils.
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