The drugs usually used to treat high blood pressure do not affect blood vessels in the lungs.
Bosentan is a new drug being studied as a treatment for high blood pressure in the lungs. In an
experiment, patients treated with bosentan showed an improvement in the distance they could walk
without fatigue within 12 weeks. Design an experiment to test the effectiveness of bosentan as a drug
to treat high blood pressure in the lungs. In your answer be sure to:
• state the hypothesis your experiment will test [1]
state how the control group will be treated differently from the experimental group [1]
state two factors that must be kept the same in both the experimental and control groups [1]
state the type of data that should be collected to determine if the hypothesis is supported [1]

Answers

Answer 1

The high blood pressure of lungs, PPH, or primary pulmonary hypertension, is a condition that can be fatal. Nonparenteral prostanoids, such as oral beraprost sodium or aerosolized iloprost, exhibit positive therapeutic results but are insufficiently active in all patients suffering from this fatal condition.

The goal of this trial was to examine the safety and efficacy of endothelin-receptor antagonist bosentan in individuals with PPH who were previously receiving nonparenteral prostanoids.

 20 PPH patients who had either oral beraprost (n=11) or inhaled iloprost (n=9) for a median of 16-13 months had their effects of bosentan as an add-on medicine evaluated using the 6-minute walk test and cardiopulmonary exercise testing.  Bosentan was added to prostanoids for 3 months, resulting in a 58.43 m increase in waking distance in the 6-minute walk test. Cardiopulmonary .The combination treatment of prostanoids and bosentan raised some safety issues when the combination therapy was first implemented. These individuals, some of whom already had blood pressure readings in the hypotensive range, were feared to develop hypotensive problems. No consequences, meanwhile, were found that would have pointed to substantial hypotension.The peak systolic blood pressure during activity was also considerably higher in the patients getting combination treatment, as was already indicated above.

Finally, the current investigation has produced three original results. First, the findings of the 6-minute walk test significantly improved     when the endothelin- receptor antagonist bosentan was added to the treatment of a subset of patients with primary pulmonary hypertension who were already receiving beraprost or inhaled iloprost. The addition of bosentan resulted in appreciable improvements in peak systolic blood pressure, anaerobic threshold, oxygen pulse, ventilatory efficacy, and maximal oxygen consumption during exercise, according to cardiopulmonary exercise tests. Thirdly, the use of nonparenteral prostanoids in combination with bosentan was safe, at least during the relatively brief observation period.

These results present a unique therapeutic approach for individuals with primary pulmonary hypertension for whom nonparenteral prostanoids alone are insufficiently efficabious, and they should stimulate rigorous research to evaluate if combination therapy with prostanoids and bosentan is effective

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Related Questions

Why do do we eat? QER
need long answers

Answers

Answer: HOPE THIS IS GOOD

Explanation:Why do we eat?

we eat because food gives us the nutrition we need to go throughout  the day and we need energy so we can live and have fun! but then again if we don't eat the right foods then that can also affect us in bad ways. so  we should always to keep a balanced diet.

overall we eat to satisfy our hunger as well and to have energy for throughout the day  

Why might it be beneficial for governments to restrict the type of plants and animals that individuals could keep as pets in a particular environment

Answers

Therefore, it might be beneficial to limit people's rights to possess exotic species in order to protect the local environment for everyone.

Briefing:

Many exotic pet species have the potential to become invasive and cause significant harm to the local ecology if they escape or are released into the environment.

What is environment ?

The environment provides us with countless advantages that we can never fully repay. because they are connected to the forest's trees, animals, water, and air. The forest and trees filter the air and take in dangerous substances. In addition to many other functions, plants filter water, reduce the chance of flooding, and maintain the natural equilibrium.

What is importance of environment?

Earth is home to many different living beings, and we all rely on it for necessities like food, air, and water. Therefore, it is imperative that each individual protect and preserve our ecosystem.

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You are a molecule of water. Choose a starting point in the water cycle and describe the process you would go through to move through the entire cycle.

No bots

Answers

The starting point chosen in the water cycle is in the form of lakes and oceans which is heated and then evaporates, they then condense to form clouds which precipitates in the form of rain.

What is Water cycle?

This is also referred to as hydrological cycle and it involves the various ways in which water is moved in a continuous manner so as to prevent it from getting scarce.

Water from lakes and oceans are heated by the sun which then forms vapor and evaporates into the  atmosphere and condenses to form clouds when air is saturated. This then precipitates in the form of rain which is therefore the ways in which the water cycle operates.

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Mechanical stress on weight-bearing bones plays a large part in bone remodeling. What single factor plays the largest role in maintaining adequate bone strength?.

Answers

Mechanical stress on weight-bearing bones plays a large part in bone remodeling. Gravity is the single factor that plays the largest role in maintaining adequate bone strength.

It is the function of gravity to provide mechanical stress or load to the bones. It is the result of this mechanical stress that bones get the specific density that is required for support.

It is due to this reason that astronauts tend to exercise regularly in space so that their bone density can be maintained.

If bone density is not maintained by gravity, then bones can lose their strength, and hence a body will difficulty in support and movement.

Bones have the ability to reshape and remodel themselves. Hence, constant stress shall be applied to them for their strengthening. Gravity acts as a single factor that is continuous in applying stress to the bones.

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The physical process by which water and solute move through a membrane when a hydrostatic pressure gradient exists across the membrane is the process of:_____.

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The physical process by which water and solute move through a membrane when a hydrostatic pressure gradient exists across the membrane is the process of Osmosis.Osmosis takes place in keeping with the awareness gradient of water throughout the membrane, that is inversely proportional to the awareness of solutes.

Water actions throughout mobileular membranes through diffusion, in a procedure referred to as osmosis. Osmosis refers specially to the motion of water throughout a semipermeable membrane, with the solvent (water, for example) transferring from a place of low solute (dissolved fabric) awareness to a place of excessive solute awareness.

Osmosis is the diffusion of water via a semipermeable membrane in keeping with the awareness gradient of water throughout the membrane. Whereas diffusion transports fabric throughout membranes and inside cells, osmosis transports best water throughout a membrane and the membrane limits the diffusion of solutes withinside the water.

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PKU is a condition that occurs as a result of faulty enzyme. People with this condition
can no longer break down the amino acid phenalyine. When phenalyine builds up brain damage is caused explain how a mutation could cause this condition

Answers

PKU is a condition that is brought on by a bad enzyme. The amino acid phenalyine can no longer be broken down in people with this disease.

Describe the harm that occurs to the brain when phenalyine accumulates and how a mutation may create this illness. What triggers PKU?

The phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) gene is altered in PKU. The enzyme required to degrade phenylalanine is produced in part because to this gene. The hereditary condition phenylketonuria (also known as PKU) causes the blood to contain more of the amino acid phenylalanine. The amino acid phenylalanine is a component of proteins that is derived from food. All proteins and certain artificial sweeteners include it.

Phenylalanine hydroxylase is a missing enzyme in newborns with PKU. It is necessary for the amino acid phenylalanine to be broken down. Foods that contain protein include phenylalanine. Phenylalanine levels increase in the body without the enzyme.

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What is shown in the image below?

A food web titled Chesapeake Bay Waterbird Food Web. It shows a very complex food web with many different food chains of various species displayed in 5 categories. Primary Producers: phytoplankton, S A V, vegetation. Herbivores: zooplankton, benthic invertebrates, herbivorous ducks, geese and mute swans. Primary consumers: small planktivorous fish, bivalves. Secondary consumers: gulls and terns, wading birds, large piscivorous fish, sea ducks, tundra swan. Tertiary consumers: osprey, bald eagle.
food chain
trophic chain
food web
energy web

Answers

Answer:

food web

Explanation:

The interrelated feeding interactions between creatures in an environment are referred to as a food web. The highest abundance of organisms frequently occurs at the lowest levels of these interactions, which are connected by an energy transfer.

Food web of American estuaries don't get much bigger than the Chesapeake Bay. Food web in the Chesapeake Bay, its tributaries, and the Coastal Bays are home to a wide variety of plants and animals, each of which has particular habitat needs in terms of things like food, light, temperature, water, nutrients, shelter, and other elements. During different phases of their life cycles, certain species use distinct environments in food web. For food, all living things are interdependent. Examining the relationships between species that eat one another helps us to understand how interconnected all organisms, including humans, are.

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What structure in the hypothalamus receives information about light from the retina and routes it to structures of the brain that regulate biological rhythms?.

Answers

it give the pethominal structure

Homeostasis is the process by which the body maintains a constant state of equilibrium, or constancy, about its physiological processes and the chemical, makes up of its tissues and fluids.

What is homeostasis?

The baseline level at which bodily processes like heart rate and chemical balances like plasma sodium concentration are typically maintained is referred to as a physiological set point.

Specific discharge rates in neurons devoted to the monitoring and regulation of particular physiological processes serve as the brain's representation of these set points.

Thus, different neuronal populations are devoted to the regulation of the heart rate, temperature, etc.

Therefore, Homeostasis is the process by which the body maintains a constant state of equilibrium, or constancy, about its physiological processes and the chemical, makes up of its tissues and fluids.

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how is the intensity of sound measured?

Answers

Answer: in decibels

Explanation:

the power of the sound in Watts divided by the area the sound covers in square meters

How do you link these together?

Answers

Answer:

Frequency: Are events occurring more often than they did in the past?

Intensity: Are events getting more severe, with the potential for more damaging effects?

Duration: Are events lasting longer than "the norm"?

Timing: Are events occurring earlier or later in the season or the year than they used to? Extreme weather is typically rare. But climate change is increasing the odds of more extreme weather events taking place.

Explanation:

Weak attractions or interactions between molecules. are termed a(n):
O ionic bond
van der Waals interactions
nonpolar covalent bond
O polar covalent bond

Answers

Van der Waals interactions are weak

Saturated and unsaturated fats differ from each other in what important structural way?.

Answers

Saturated fats have single bonds between Carbon but unsaturated have either double or triple bond between Carbon

What makes unsaturated oil healthy?

Unsaturated fats, which are liquid at room temperature, are regarded as healthy fats because they can lower blood cholesterol levels, reduce inflammation, maintain healthy cardiac rhythms, among other positive effects.

Because of sigma bonds saturated have higher melting point and that is why at room temperature they exist in the solid state. For example ghee . Unsaturated fatty acids have lower melting point that is why they exist as liquid  . For example oil.

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The body performs many processes that depend upon energy and could not occur without a supply of atp. How does the energy from atp power the cellular reactions?.

Answers

The body performs many processes that depend upon energy and could not occur without a supply of ATP. ATP powers cellular reactions by y transferring a phosphate group to another molecule in a process known as phosphorylation.

ATP also known as adenosine triphosphate is a molecule that is found in the cells of living organisms. ATP releases energy to start the different cellular processes. It itself stores energy from the breakdown of food.

It does not exactly store the energy but acts as a way of transport to deliver energy where it is required within the cell.

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what breaks down organic compounds in the ATP forming reaction of aerobic respiration?

Answers

Answer:

Cellular  Respiration

Explanation:

Cellular respiration forming the reaction

Osteclats have more ... than other body cells because it does more breaking down/recycling than other tissues

Answers

Answer:

Resorbing action or breaking or proteolytic

What macromolecule did you not build?
What are its monomers?

Answers

The macromolecules are made up of subunits called monomers. Many monomers are linked together and form a macromolecule.

What are monomers?

Monomer is a building block of polymer. The building block of carbohydrates is Monosaccharides. Lipids are made up of fatty acids. Proteins are made up of monomers of amino acid.

Many polymers are broken down into monomers by hydrolysis. Proteins are the building block of body. Lipids stored in the form of fats.

Carbohydrates provide energy to the body.  

Therefore, The macromolecules are made up of subunits called monomers. Many monomers are linked together and form a macromolecule.

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The___requires special transporters to move amino acids and vitamins into the brain.

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The blood-brain barrier requires special transporters to move amino acids and vitamins into the brain.

The BBB divides membrane transport proteins into two groups: uptake transporters and efflux transporters. Multiple uptake transporters at the BBB are in charge of moving solutes from the bloodstream into the endothelial cells, where they eventually pass through the basolateral membrane into the brain.Passive yet saturable GLUT1 transporters that are present in both the luminal and abluminal membranes of endothelial cells mediate glucose transport across the blood-brain barrier.Abstract. AATs are membrane-bound transport proteins that facilitate the entry and exit of amino acids from cells or cellular organelles. AATs play a variety of physiological roles in intracellular energy metabolism, anabolic and catabolic processes, acid-base balance, neurotransmission, and other areas.

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identify this species

Answers

Answer:

That is a spider

Explanation:

I can tell its a spider from observation because it has 8 legs, also because it looks very alike to the spiders I see around nature.

Archaeologists sometimes study living peoples as a source of inference for understanding past human behavior, what is the name of this method?

Answers

Sometimes archaeologists observe current populations to draw conclusions about previous human behavior Ethnoarchaeology.

Who are referred to as archaeologists?

An archaeologist is a scientist who excavates artifacts and human remains to learn about human history. Nearly 3.2 million years old, Lucy is the oldest known human and was discovered in Ethiopia by archaeologists.

What qualifications do archaeologists need?

A master's or PhD in archeology is necessary to become an archeologist. While pursuing a PhD, they would typically labor in the field for 12 to 30 months, and many master's degrees may also call for fieldwork hours. Employers typically want experience in some kind of archaeological fieldwork.

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following is a cost benefit analysis regarding the removal of arsenic ( a poison) in water. Consider the costs and benefits, chose a side and explain why you chose the side that you did.

cost: this requires a vast array of treatment technologies with detailed specifications. it will cost companies $60-70 million dollars to implement the changes. the companies will raise the price of their product drastically to counteract their expenses, making every day items more expensive for you.

benefits: millions of dollars will be saved on potential health problems. Associated bladder and lung cancer instances will drop. this will lower the environmental impact on the ecosystem

Answers

Considering the costs and benefits, it is best to remove arsenic from the water, as the savings in population health and quality of life are greater than the cost of this operation.

What can arsenic do to health?

Prolonged exposure to arsenic in water and food can cause cancer, skin damage, developmental problems, heart disease, diabetes, and damage to the nervous system.

How to get arsenic out of water?

Currently, the most commonly used process to remove arsenic is to run potable water over the activated alumina (aluminum oxide) surface on which the arsenic is adsorbed. Reverse osmosis can also be used for arsenic removal.

With this information, we can conclude that arsenic It can be absorbed orally and through the airways, its lethal dose is 0.07g/kg, bioaccumulative, practically all arsenic compounds are toxic to the human body. Its acute or chronic exposure and concentration are often monitored by urine tests.

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Can someone help me with this question?

Answers

The correct optimal temperature fore the the sun-zyme substrate complex is 37°C and the temperature in which it will be denatured is 75°C and 100°C.

What is an Enzyme?

This is referred to as a biological catalyst which is used to speed up the rate of reactions in the body. It is proteinous in nature and is substrate specific which means various types can only act on certain biological substances.

They are easily denatured by heat which leads to them losing their structure and function and not being able to act on the substrate. The optimal temperature for enzyme action in the body is  37°C.

A higher temperature such as 75°C and 100°C will lead to the denaturing of the enzymes which will therefore lead to no gas being produced thereby making it the correct choice.

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Semipermeable cell membranes are made of phospholipids that form a bilayer. What major benefit does this arrangement of the membrane provide to the cell?.

Answers

Answer: Phospholipid bilayers are critical components of cell membranes. The lipid bilayer acts as a barrier to the passage of molecules and ions into and out of the cell. However, an important function of the cell membrane is to allow selective passage of certain substances into and out of cells.

Explanation:

Cells responding to the boundary of a surface are subject to less lateral inhibition than cells responding to the center of the same surface. this leads to an effect called:_________

Answers

Less lateral inhibition affects cells that respond to a surface's edge than it does to cells that respond to the surface's center. This results in a phenomenon known as edge enhancement.

What are cells?

Cells are the basic building blocks of all living things.. There are many billions of cells in a human body. They provide the body with structure, take in food's nutrients, convert carry out specific actions by converting them into energy.

What are 5 functions of cells?

The Purposes of a Cell:

Support and Structure. You are aware that bricks make up a house.Growth. Simple cell multiplication is how tissues form in complex organisms like humans.Transport.Production of energy.Metabolic process

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Of all the different types of dietary lipids, research shows that decreasing the intake of ______ has the most significant effect on lowering blood levels of ldl.

Answers

Of all the different types of dietary lipids, research shows that decreasing the intake of saturated fatty acids has the most significant effect on lowering blood levels of LDL.

Cholesterol is a steroid lipid that can be found in the cell membrane and is used in making steroid hormones. It is carried or transported around the body by substances called lipoproteins. There are two types of lipoproteins, HDL (High Density Lipoprotein) or the 'good cholesterol' and LDL (Low Density Lipoprotein) or the 'bad' cholesterol. Excess levels of LDL in the blood increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases.

Saturated fatty acid occurs naturally in cheese, butter, milk, beef, pork, palm oil and coconut oil. A large number of observational research and studies show that lowering the intake of saturated fatty acids has the most significant effect on lowering LDL levels in the blood. Studies also show that saturated fatty acids prevent LDL from being cleared or absorbed in the liver, leading to an increase in LDL in the blood. Hence, reducing one's intake of saturated fatty acids lowers the blood levels of LDL.

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An unknown cell type contains a nucleus, cytoplasm, and centrioles. other internal structures may be present. which type of cell might this be?

Answers

Answer: Animal

Explanation:

Name three abiotic resources that are necessary to the continued health of the ecosystem.

Answers

Answer: Water, Sunlight, and Soil

Explanation: Water is needed for any life to exist in a ecosystem, sunlight lets plants create their food and thus feed the rest of the food web, and soil is also needed for plants to take root and grow to feed others.

Which period represents the last 2 million years of geologic time?

Answers

Hi I’m jenny and it should be Quaternary

What is a solute?
O a relative quantity of molecules in a given space
O a substance that dissolves a solvent
O a substance that is dissolved in a solution O a mixture of a solvent and a solution​

Answers

A substance dissolved in the solvent.

A computer model of the spread of a disease through a human population
can be used to make predictions about changes in case numbers over time.
Which sentence best describes a benefit of using a computer model of the
spread of a disease?
A. It gives details about how each person might be affected by the
disease.
B. It displays information about how a possible treatment for the
disease will affect a specific individual.
C. It can be used to study details of the disease that are too small to
be observed directly.
D. It allows scientists to compare the possible outcomes of several
different decisions.

Answers

The most effective way to describe a benefit of employing a computer model of disease transmission It can be used to examine disease-related details that are too small to be seen directly.

The correct option is C.

How do computers aid the medical profession?

Computers can now operate lab apparatus, blood pressure and heart rate monitors, and other crucial medical devices, as well as alert staff when something is wrong. In some scenarios, computers can help doctors perform treatments, improving the safety and convenience of the environment for everyone involved—staff members and patients.

Why do models get utilized in medicine?

In order to comprehend and explain health behavior and to direct the selection, creation, and use of interventions, theories and models are employed in program planning.

What benefits may computational modeling provide to medical research and care?

tracking contagious illnesses The most efficient therapies are found using computational models, which are also used to monitor and modify interventions to stop the spread of disease.

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8 miles to meters. Biology Question

Answers

Answer:

1 miles 100m

Explanation:

8×100m=800m

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